2005 Annual Faculty Development Seminar Appointment, Promotion and Tenure In the Professorial Ranks

Part I Academic Ranks & Tenure in the national context Part II Appointment, Promotion & Tenure at NYUSoM

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents The Oath

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents [faculty mentor] and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine,

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents [faculty mentor] and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine [socialist origin of the depressed salaries of faculty], and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage

To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine [socialist origin of the depressed salaries of tenure], and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage [origin of gender discrimination] and to teach this art…to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine [socialist origin of the depressed salaries of tenure], and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage [origin of gender discrimination] and to teach this art…to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else [origin of both the Guild and the Guilt of our separation from the proles]

Origins of Tenure Professors” durante vita Lehrfrieheit Morrill Act: assistant, associate, professor David Starr Jordan fires Edward A. Ross AAUP

Tenure Defined [AAUP] Tenure is a means to certain ends; specifically (1) freedom of teaching and research and of extramural activities; and (2) a sufficient degree of economic security to make the profession of teaching attractive to men and women of ability. [NYUFH] Academic tenure is a means to certain ends, specifically: (1) freedom of teaching and research*; and (2) a sufficient degree of economic security to make the profession of teaching attractive to men and women of ability.

Social Engineering: ADEA Tenure concepts were developed when the expectation and the rule was “retirement” at 65 Age Discrimination in Employment Amendments of 1986, *1992

AAMC data on age distribution of faculty in US medical schools

National Context Decline in reimbursements to the clinical side of academic medical centers BBA of ’97 Managed care

National Context Dramatic rise in the number of faculty, especially clinical faculty (1) Movement to non-tenure tracks (2) Financial definition

Jones and Gold Academic Medicine (2001) 76:

Financial Guarantee of Tenure ‘97 N b = 102 N c =94 Jones and Gold, Acad Med 1998

What is that Guarantee? N b = 102 N c =94 Jones and Gold, Acad Med 1998

Part I Tenure considered in the national context Part II Appointment, Promotion & Tenure at NYUSoM

Primary Themes Investigator / Educator Track, a full-time tenure track for those faculty members in any department whose primary career is in independent, investigator-initiated research and who devote some time to education and service. Investigator Clinician / Educator Track, a full-time tenure track…for those faculty in the clinical departments whose primary career combines independent research with clinical activities and who devote some time to education and service.

What does it take? Advance the fieldAdvance the field Peer recognitionPeer recognition If you haven’t done it all, you have to be really outstanding in part of itIf you haven’t done it all, you have to be really outstanding in part of itScholarship

Alternate Pathway Teaching Excellence in the “classroom” Invention of new approaches Peer recognition for pedagogical activities

Primary Themes Clinician Investigator / Educator Track, a full-time non-tenure track for those faculty members in clinical departments whose primary career is in the provision of clinical care and who devote a substantial portion of their efforts to teaching, research, and service. Research / Educator Track, a full-time non-tenure track for those faculty members in any department whose primary career is in research, but who devote a portion of their efforts to education and service.

Alternate Pathway Teaching Excellence in the “classroom” Invention of new approaches Peer recognition for pedagogical activities

Primary Themes Clinical Track, a part-time non-tenure track for those faculty members in clinical departments whose primary career is in the provision of clinical care and who devote some time to teaching, research and/or service. Research Track, a part-time non-tenure track for those faculty involved in part-time or time-limited research in other's laboratories and who devote limited time to teaching and service.

Three Eras of Promotion 1.October 1989 – December January 1995 – May June 2002 – June 2004 Era 1Era 2Era 3 All9472*73 Basic Clinical moved off and 6 moved on the tenure track

Category Mean  SD MedianRange # Grants (PI)7.46 ± – 22 # NIH Grants (PI)2.73 ± – 9 $ Amount of grants3,385,012 ± 2,885,7262,812,2680 – 13,656,889 # Peer reviewed publications47.2 ± – 183 # 1st/last author publications26.5 ± – 117 # Non-peer reviewed publications 3.02 ± – 25 # Book chapters9.15 ± – 58 # Abstracts23.0 ± – 204 # Presentations30.5 ± – 120 # Grants (all)10.6 ± – 41 # NIH Grants (all)3.03 ± – 10 $ Amount of Grants (all)3,516,692 ± 2,884,6642,630,4000 – 10,368,613 Characteristics of Candidates

Basic Sciences

Clinical Sciences

Appendix History of Tenure

Timeline of Tenure

Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors

Timeline of Tenure Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita

Timeline of Tenure Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born

Timeline of Tenure Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: assistant, associate and full professor

Timeline of Tenure Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professor

Timeline of Tenure Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professor 1900 The Economics Cases: David Starr Jordan fires Edward A. Ross

Timeline of Tenure Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professor 1900 The Economics Cases: David Starr Jordan fires Edward A. Ross AAUP

Timeline of Tenure Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors 1750 Educational-industrial complex: Gifts of endowed chairs and “Professors” durante vita 1800s Transition to non-sectarian education lehrfreiheit research university is born 1862 Morrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professor 1900 The Economics Cases: David Starr Jordan fires Edward A. Ross AAUP 1986, 1992 Age Discrimination in Employment Amendments