The Industrial Revolution

A Major Change industrial agrarian machine-made goods handmade goods rural industrial machine-made goods urban

Revolutionary Changes in… patterns of work social class structure standard of living int’l. balance of power

Where? When? What? Britain 1780s textiles

Timeline – Events around IR 1850 1780s 1815 1790 Agricultural Revolution Growth of Atlantic economy 1700 1720 Pop. Boom Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade IR Begins 1650

Timeline – the IR IR begins in Britain Standard of living  after 1850 1815 1820s 1830 1850 Labor Movement/Legislation IR reaches the Continent

 $ to buy manufactured goods Why Britain? large market (domestic & colonial) rivers & canals – easy transport natural resources – iron & coal large labor force agricultural revolution  food food $   $ to buy manufactured goods

Canals

Why Britain? strong central bank well-developed credit markets stable government laissez-faire economy no domestic tariffs

Textile Industry 1st! cottage industry could not meet growing demand spinning & weaving inventions textile factories Cottage industry – working as a family unit out of the home to produce a good/product

New Raw Material: Cotton Goods much cheaper – available and purchased by a larger number of citizens

Textile Industry – Spinning James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny (1765) Simple, inexpensive, powered by hand 6-24 spindles; hand-powered

Textile Industry – Spinning Richard Arkwright – Water Frame (ca. 1770) Required large specialized mills 100s of spindles; water-powered  factories

Textile Industry – Spinning Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule (1779) factories

Textile Industry – Weaving Edmund Cartwright – Power Loom (1785)

FACTORY: Water Frame Spinning Mule Power Loom - A large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods.

Consequences of Δs in Textile Industry cheaper cotton goods weavers’ wages  lots of yarn =  demand poor factory working conditions child labor industrial dominance 1831 – 22% of GB’s industrial production

The Energy Problem pre-industrial sources (human & animal) = not enough power shortage of WOOD due to Ag. Rev. (forests into fields) important for heat & iron-making

The Energy Solution STEAM ENGINE Thomas Savery (1698) Thomas Newcomen (1705) **JAMES WATT (1769)** Watt’s Engine Raw material: COAL

THOMAS SAVERY Savery’s Steam Engine

Importance of the Steam Engine The steam engine was “the Industrial Revolution’s most fundamental advance in technology. For the first time in history, humanity had … almost unlimited power at its disposal.” (McKay 731) Uses: mills, draining mines, **iron industry**, steamships, railroads

Iron Industry Boom steam engine  coke Henry Cort’s puddling furnace (1780s) “Iron became the cheap, basic, indispensable building block of the economy.” (McKay 732) Puddlers at work

George Stephenson – Rocket (1830) Railroads George Stephenson – Rocket (1830) 16 mph!!!

Railroads Factors enabling RRs: iron  strong rails steam engine  locomotive

Consequences of the Railroad ↓ shipping cost & uncertainty larger markets  larger factories  cheaper goods expanded labor market change in social values: new obsession with power & speed

Shorter Journeys

GEORGE STEPHENSON 1821: began work on the worlds first railroad line; opened in 1825. used 4 locomotives designed by himself. Liverpool-Manchester Railroad: - First major railway in England. Inaugural Opening of Liverpool-Manchester Railroad.

“The Great Land Serpent”

Monet’s Gare St. Lazare (1877)

Turner’s Rain, Steam and Speed (1844)

Crystal Palace Exhibition, 1851 Celebrating Britain’s industrial dominance, in London.

Crystal Palace – Interior Exhibits

Britain: “Workshop of the World” Produced: 2/3 of the world’s coal ½ of the world’s iron and cotton 20% of the world’s industrial goods in 1860 (vs. 2% in 1750) Huge growth, 1780-1851: GNP x4 pop. x2+ (9 to 21 mil.)

THE IR IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE

Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1913 GB 10 16 25 64 87 100 115 Belgium 9 14 28 43 56 88 US 4 21 38 69 126 France 12 20 39 59 Germany 8 15 52 85 A-H 7 11 23 32 Italy 17 26 Russia 6 China 3 India 2 1 Note: All entries are based on an index of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization in Great Britain in 1900 … how much industrial product was available, on average, to each person in a given country in a given year.

Data Analysis 1750 – all countries close together by 1800 – GB gained big lead nat’l. variations in timing & extent Belgium 1st Western nations (+ Japan)  industrial levels vs. non-Western nations 

Why did the Continent lag until 1815? Battle of Waterloo

The Continent in 1815 CHALLENGES ADVANTAGES GB goods already dominant tech. too complicated pricey to invest factory labor shortage strong tradition of cottage industry people: merchant capitalist class + urban artisans borrow existing tech. strong independent gov’ts.

Agents of Continental Industrialization skilled workers entrepreneurs governments protective tariffs funded RRs banks limited liability Crédit Mobilier

Economic Nationalism Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1841) anti-free trade pro-protective tariff “An individual, in promoting his own interest, may injure the public interest; a nation, in promoting the general welfare, may check the interest of a part of its members.”

The “Second Industrial Revolution” (1860-1914) steel chemicals oil electricity planes, cars, subs telephone, telegraph movies, radio

Industry & Population

Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply. War, disease, or famine could control population. The poor should have less children. Food supply will then keep up with population.

David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.” When wages are high, workers have more children. More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

Women Middle class v. poor Low-paying, dead-end jobs Factory discipline v. child care Urban poverty Lack of supervision of youth

Worker Rights Luddites Factory Act of 1833 Mines Act of 1842 Robert Owen & Grand National Consolidated Trade Unions Chartist Movement