 Ancient – BC-500AD  Medieval –  Renaissance –  Baroque –  Classical –  Romantic –  Modern – 1900-present

 Ancient BC – 500AD  Highly developed  Greeks, Romans  Far East, Africa, Americas, Native Australia  Modes came from ancient music  No official written record so little is proven about characteristics but we know it existed  Composers unknown

 Medieval  Most music occurred in churches, monasteries – Sacred music  First written records of music and notation  Gregorian chant  Almost all vocal, few instruments  Single lines, monophony  Gneumes  Texts were mostly Latin  Composers – Hildegard von Bingen, Leonin, Perotin

 Renaissance  Repetition  Court music  Sacred and Secular music  Instruments in small groups  Polyphony  Melody and accompaniment  Composers – Palestrina, Josquin, William Byrd, Thomas Tallis

 Baroque  Highly ornamented  Repetition  Larger groups of instruments (still small)  Oratorios  Cantatas  Fugues  Figured Bass and improvisation  Concertos for solo instruments with accompaniment  Composers – J.S. Bach, Antonio Vivaldi

 Classical  More complicated harmonies  More complicated forms  First symphony – Haydn  The beginning of orchestras as we know them today  Opera  Composers – Mozart, Haydn

 Romantic  Large ensembles and orchestras  Symphony form perfected and elongated  Dramatic music in terms of volume and style  Music that tells a story  Complicated harmonies, forms, use of chromaticism and dissonance  Beethoven – 9 symphonies  Tchaikovsky  Wagner  Brahms

 Modern present  Complicated rhythms  Atonal harmonies  Mixed meters  Folk music  Nationalism  Composers – Bernstein, Copland, Stravinsky, Holst, Gershwin, Debussy

 Notes that sound the same but are spelled differently  Example – C# = Db  Write down all the other enharmonics  Half steps between white keys on the keyboard  Between E and F  Between B and C

 Concert Pitch or C – flute, oboe, bassoon, trombone, euphonium, tuba, percussion, piano  Bb – Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Tenor Sax, Trumpet  Eb – Alto Sax, Bari Sax  F – English Horn, French Horn

 F, C, G, D, A, E B

 Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb, Fb

 Sharps – look at the last sharp (the one furthest to the right) and go up one  Example - 2 sharps F and C = key of D  Flats – look at the flat before the last flat  Example – 3 flats Bb, Eb, and Ab = key of Eb

 CEG  GBD  DFA  ACE  EGB  BDF  FAC

 Major Triad – 1, 3, 5  Augmented – 1, 3, raised 5  Minor Triad - 1, lowered 3, 5  Diminished Triad – 1, lowered 3, lowered 5

 Conjunct – smooth, movement by step  Disjunct – skips and leaps, not smooth  Major  Minor

 Two types  Relative – share key signature  Parallel – share starting and ending notes  Three forms  Natural – same as key signature  Harmonic – raise the 7 th note  Melodic – raise the 6 th and 7 th ascending and lower the 6 th and 7 th descending (natural form descending)

 Ascending notes crescendo  Descending notes decrescendo  Short to long  Weak to strong  Long notes must have shape  Melody must always be heard  Background parts must have shape

 Rhythmic emphasis on the upbeat as opposed to the downbeat

 Re-statement of the main theme usually following a development section

 How music is organized  Overture  ABA – ternary  AB – binary  Sonata  AABA