VEHICLE FUELS AND EMISSIONS IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, Ph.D.Mech.Eng. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Fuels and Combustion Lab.

COUNTRY PROFILE Territory s.km Territory s.km Population8.06 millions Population8.06 millions GDP1,450 USD GDP1,450 USD

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

ENERGY IMPORT

CRUDE OIL - PRODUCTION

LIQUID FUELS - CONSUMPTION

TRANSPORT – FUEL COSUMPTION

REFINERY Two refineries: Two refineries: Oil Refinery Novi Sad (ORNS) Oil Refinery Novi Sad (ORNS) Oil Refinery Pancevo (ORP) Oil Refinery Pancevo (ORP) Total capacity Total capacity 7,8 Mt till year (ORNS – 3 Mt, ORP – 4,8 Mt) 7,8 Mt till year (ORNS – 3 Mt, ORP – 4,8 Mt) 6,6 Mt after year (ORNS – 1,8 Mt, ORP – 4,8 Mt) 6,6 Mt after year (ORNS – 1,8 Mt, ORP – 4,8 Mt)

FUEL DISTRIBUTION NIS (Jugopetrol & Naftagas) NIS (Jugopetrol & Naftagas) (internal) pump stations (internal) pump stations 8 filling stations for fuel distribution 8 filling stations for fuel distribution Beopetrol (Lukoil) Beopetrol (Lukoil) 200 pump stations 200 pump stations 10 filling stations for fuel distribution 10 filling stations for fuel distribution Jugopetrol Kotor Jugopetrol Kotor

FUEL QUALITY LEGISLATION Regulation for technical and all other requests for liquid fuel produced from oil – Off. Journal of SRJ 64/2000 Regulation for technical and all other requests for liquid fuel produced from oil – Off. Journal of SRJ 64/2000 Regulation for technical and all other requests for liquid fuel produced from oil – Off. Journal of Serbia and Montenegro 51/2004 Regulation for technical and all other requests for liquid fuel produced from oil – Off. Journal of Serbia and Montenegro 51/2004

PRODUCTS - GASOLINE Leaded Gasoline Leaded Gasoline Normal MB 86 Normal MB 86 Regular MB 92 Regular MB 92 Premium MB 95 Premium MB 95 Super MB 98 Super MB 98 Unleaded Gasoline Unleaded Gasoline Euro Premium BMB 95 Euro Premium BMB 95 Euro Regular BMB 92 Euro Regular BMB 92 Premium BMB 95 Premium BMB 95 Regular BMB 92 Regular BMB 92

PRODUCTS – DIESEL OIL Diesel Oil Diesel Oil Diesel Oil D2 Diesel Oil D2 Diesel Oil D2S Diesel Oil D2S Diesel Oil D1E Diesel Oil D1E Euro Diesel Oil Euro Diesel Oil Euro Diesel F Euro Diesel F

LEADED GASOLINE MB 95 RONmin 95 RONmin 95 MONmin 83 MONmin 83 lead content (mg/l)max 400 lead content (mg/l)max 400 density at 15 o C (kg/m 3 )recorded density at 15 o C (kg/m 3 )recorded benzene content (% (v/v))max 5 benzene content (% (v/v))max 5 sulphur content (mg/kg)max 1000 sulphur content (mg/kg)max 1000 oxygen content (% (m/m))max 2,7 oxygen content (% (m/m))max 2,7

LEADED GASOLINE MB 95 distillation distillation E100 (% (v/v))46,0 - 71,0 E100 (% (v/v))46,0 - 71,0 E150 (% (v/v))min 75,0 E150 (% (v/v))min 75,0 FBP ( o C) max 210 FBP ( o C) max 210 Residue (% (v/v))max 2 Residue (% (v/v))max 2 vapor pressure (kPa) vapor pressure (kPa) winter ( )50,0 - 80,0 winter ( )50,0 - 80,0 summer ( )45,0 - 60,0 summer ( )45,0 - 60,0

UNLEADED GASOLINE BMB 95 according JUS EN 228 according JUS EN 228 except some characteristics till except some characteristics till MONmin 83 MONmin 83 lead content (mg/l)max 13 lead content (mg/l)max 13 density at 15 o C (kg/m 3 )max 780 density at 15 o C (kg/m 3 )max 780 benzene content (% (v/v))max 5 benzene content (% (v/v))max 5 sulphur content (mg/kg)max 650 sulphur content (mg/kg)max 650

DIESEL OIL D2 density (kg/m 3 )max 860 density (kg/m 3 )max 860 distillation - 95% (v/v) point ( o C)max 375 distillation - 95% (v/v) point ( o C)max 375 viscosity (mm 2 /s)2,0 - 9,0 viscosity (mm 2 /s)2,0 - 9,0 sulphur content (mg/kg)max sulphur content (mg/kg)max cetane indexmin 45 cetane indexmin 45 water content (mg/kg)max 500 water content (mg/kg)max 500

EURO DIESEL according JUS EN 590 according JUS EN 590 sulphur content (ppm)max 350 sulphur content (ppm)max 350

FUEL QUALITY CONTROL at the exit from the refineries at the exit from the refineries several laboratories for fuel quality control several laboratories for fuel quality control the special inspection for fuel quality control in the Ministry of Trade the special inspection for fuel quality control in the Ministry of Trade the problem lies in the chain between the refineries and customer tank – many forbiden operations take place during the transportation and at the pump station the problem lies in the chain between the refineries and customer tank – many forbiden operations take place during the transportation and at the pump station

FUEL PRICE (SERBIA) leaded gasolineMB9574,10 din/l leaded gasolineMB9574,10 din/l leaded gasolineMB9882,50 din/l leaded gasolineMB9882,50 din/l unleaded gasoline BMB9574,10 din/l unleaded gasoline BMB9574,10 din/l diesel fuel D261,90 din/l diesel fuel D261,90 din/l euro diesel67,00 din/l euro diesel67,00 din/l 1 euro = 83 din 1 euro = 83 din 1 USD = 68 din 1 USD = 68 din

FUEL PRICE (MONTENEGRO) leaded gasolineMB951,02 euro leaded gasolineMB951,02 euro unleaded gasoline BMB951,04 euro unleaded gasoline BMB951,04 euro diesel fuel D20,88 euro diesel fuel D20,88 euro euro diesel0,92 euro euro diesel0,92 euro

VEHICLES total number total number passenger car passenger car gasoline gasoline diesel diesel LDV LDV HDV HDV bus bus12.000

VEHICLES AGING restricted import of vehicles over six years restricted import of vehicles over six years

VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSION CONTROL control of exhaust emission is the responsibility of the vehicle technical control control of exhaust emission is the responsibility of the vehicle technical control vehicle tests are not very rigorous vehicle tests are not very rigorous 500 stations for vehicle testing 500 stations for vehicle testing exhaust test failed about 5 % of total number of tested vehicles (officially) exhaust test failed about 5 % of total number of tested vehicles (officially)

TRANSPORT - PROBLEMS old vehicle fleet old vehicle fleet inadequate maintenance of vehicles inadequate maintenance of vehicles widespread use of old vehicles without catalytic converters widespread use of old vehicles without catalytic converters poor enforcement of the Regulation on Exhaust Emissions from Motor Vehicles poor enforcement of the Regulation on Exhaust Emissions from Motor Vehicles insufficient use of gas and alternative fuels insufficient use of gas and alternative fuels dominant road transport dominant road transport insufficient road network, especially for the increasing volume of traffic insufficient road network, especially for the increasing volume of traffic

AIR QUALITY (SERBIA) Ministry of Science and Environment – Directorate for Environmental Protection is responsible institution Ministry of Science and Environment – Directorate for Environmental Protection is responsible institution Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management Ministry of Economy Ministry of Economy Ministry of Health Ministry of Health Ministry for Capital Investments Ministry for Capital Investments Ministry for Mining and Energy Ministry for Mining and Energy Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Services Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Services

AIR QUALITY (SERBIA) Directorate for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development (Vojvodina) Directorate for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development (Vojvodina) Institute for Nature Protection Institute for Nature Protection Hydro-Meteorology Institute Hydro-Meteorology Institute Public Health Institutes Public Health Institutes

AIR QUALITY (SERBIA) Legal acts Legal acts Law on environmental protection (Off. Jour. Of RS 135/04) Law on environmental protection (Off. Jour. Of RS 135/04) Law on IPCC Law on IPCC Law on environmental impact assessment Law on environmental impact assessment Regulations Regulations

AIR QUALITY (MONTENEGRO) Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management Ministry of Economy Ministry of Economy Ministry of Health Ministry of Health Ministry of Transportation Ministry of Transportation Ministry of Tourism Ministry of Tourism

AIR QUALITY data od annual emission of pollutants in ambient air from transport are not available data od annual emission of pollutants in ambient air from transport are not available assumption: assumption: road transport accounts for 80 dB noise level, 90 % of CO, 80 % of benzene, 50 % of NO x, 50 % of Pb, 10 % of NO 2, 40 % of HC, 15 % of CO 2 road transport accounts for 80 dB noise level, 90 % of CO, 80 % of benzene, 50 % of NO x, 50 % of Pb, 10 % of NO 2, 40 % of HC, 15 % of CO 2

CONCLUSIONS – FUEL QUALITY Reconstruction of refineries Reconstruction of refineries Liberalization of the automotive fuels market Liberalization of the automotive fuels market Strengthening the inspection Strengthening the inspection Strengthening of the non-governmental laboratories Strengthening of the non-governmental laboratories Modernization of the laboratories Modernization of the laboratories Adoption of new standards Adoption of new standards Adopt the year for bans use of leaded gasoline Adopt the year for bans use of leaded gasoline Adoption of the programme for promotion of environment friendly fuels, especially bioethanol and biodiesel Adoption of the programme for promotion of environment friendly fuels, especially bioethanol and biodiesel

CONCLUSIONS – VEHICLE EMIISION Improve the maintenance of vehicles Improve the maintenance of vehicles Change the structure of vehicle aging through different programme Change the structure of vehicle aging through different programme Strengthening the control of exhaust emission as a part of vehicle technical control Strengthening the control of exhaust emission as a part of vehicle technical control Improve road transport Improve road transport Adoption the emission limit values for motor vehicles according to the Directives (EU) Adoption the emission limit values for motor vehicles according to the Directives (EU)

CONCLUSIONS – AIR QUALITY Harmonization of the emission and imission regulation with the EU Harmonization of the emission and imission regulation with the EU Upgrade the monitoring system of air pollution from transport Upgrade the monitoring system of air pollution from transport Modernization of the laboratories and network Modernization of the laboratories and network