Yasuhiro KANDA Director Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association 1 Environmental Policies in Japan Part 1: History Serbia Webinar: October 16, 2014

Contents Part1. History of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Policies - Transition of Environmental Issues - Four Major Environmental Pollution Diseases - Pollution Diet, etc. 2 Part2. Present Environmental Status and Environmental Policies - Global Warming - Biological Diversity - ３ R （ Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) - Environmental Pollution, etc.

Transition of Environmental Issues 1868 The Meiji Restoration Modernization Policy of increasing wealth and military power World War Ⅱ War-damaged Reconstruction Rapid Economic Growth 1970 EXPO’70, Pollution Diet 1992 The Earth Summit 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Accident Industrial Pollution Mining Industry, Heavy & Chemical Industries Urban/Lifestyle related Pollution Automobile, Wastewater from households, Waste Global Environmental Change, Sustainability Industrial Pollution Petroleum Complex 3

Expanding Environmental Issues Industrial Pollution 7 types of pollution: Air, Water, Soil Noise, Vibration, Odor, Ground subsidence Waste, Wastewater from Household Global Warming, Biological Diversity, Radioactivity 4

1880s Mining Industry Pollution Besshi Copper Mine Ashio Copper Mine Photo: Wikipedia Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution Flood Health disturbance Agricultural product damage etc. SOx Cu, Pb, SO4 5 Ashio Copper Mine Pollution Case: Origin of Environmental Pollution

After WW Ⅱ (1945-) Industrialization and Four Major Pollution Diseases Hanshin (Osaka-Kobe) Chukyo (Nagoya) Keihin (Tokyo-Yokohama) 3 Big Industrial Zones Comprehensive National Development Plan （ Growth Pole Strategy ）： 15 cities designated in zones designated in 1964 Photo: Amagasaki 21 st century forest Yokkaichi Asthma (Petro-complex) Minamata Disease Itai-Itai Disease Niigata-Minamata Disease 6

Minamata Disease 1932 Chisso started acetaldehyde production The discovery of an “ unknown disease” was reported to a public health office Chisso stopped acetaldehyde production Government issued a unified view that the cause of the disease is methyl mercury contained in wastewater from the factory Lawsuit for damages was filed against Chisso. Pollution continued for 36 years. Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by methyl mercury. It took years to identify the cause. Photo: Minamata Disease Municipal Museum Food chain Bioaccumulation 7

Yokkaichi Asthma Sulfur oxide from a petrochemical complex caused severe smog, resulting in severe cases of bronchial asthma among the local inhabitants. Photo: Yokkaichi City 1959 The 1 st complex area started full operation Notice on stinking fish City of Yokkaichi set a committee on environmental pollution Mie prefecture set a committee on water pollution Lawsuit for damages was filed against 6 companies. The first lawsuit on air pollution Community association conducted a questionnaire survey and proposed a medical aid system to City of Yokkaichi A group of fisherman rose in a riot Became a designated area of the smoke and soot law 8

Pollution Diet in 1970 In 1970, - EXPO’70 was held in Osaka - Photochemical smog victims emerged in Tokyo - National Diet (special legislative session) was held At the Diet Session, -14 Laws were enacted. - Article on “Coordination between Economy and Environment” was deleted. 6 Laws newly enacted: Water Pollution Control Law, Waste Management Law, etc. 8 Laws revised: Basic Law for Environmental Pollution, Air Pollution Control Law, Noise regulation Law, etc. 9 In 1971, Environmental Agency was established. Photo: Wiki

The Four Lawsuits around 1970 However, regarding the Minamata disease lawsuits are continuing for certification of the disease. - Victims won the four lawsuits. - Japanese society changed to accept strict environmental regulation and standards, and to create a compensation system. Minamata Disease Niigata- Minamata Itai-Itai Disease Yokkaichi Asthma

Trends of Environmental Quality NO 2 15 stations average SO 2 15 stations average CO 2 stations average Non-conformance rate of hazardous materials in water BOD 5 small river average BOD 6 big river average 11 Source: MOEJ Whitepaper

New Comprehensive National Development Plan current status 7 block development plan integrated national land arterial road construction plan “Plan for Remodeling the Japanese Archipelago 1972” accelerated the development. 12 Large Scale Development Projects were promoted.

Conflicts between Public Transportation and the Environment Road Airport Shinkansen Super Express Photo: Wikipedia Photo: Hyogo pref. NOx PM Noise, Vibration Route 43 Lawsuits Compensation was accepted, but injunction was not accepted. Osaka Int’l Airport Lawsuits , Agreement in 1984 Nagoya Shinkansen Lawsuits , Agreement in

Towards Preventive Measures Environmental Impact Assessment: EIA project proponents must conduct preliminary surveys, forecasts, and evaluations on the potential environmental impact of the projects, Before the commencement of large-scale development projects such as the construction of roads, airports and power plants, and consult with local governments and citizens, etc. to obtain their opinions upon the assessment results. 14

History of EIA Citizens movement against Mishima- Numazu Petrochemical Complex plan. (Discussions over both sides’ EIA reports) 1972 Cabinet admission on EIA Each ministry in each way. Transport Ministry: road, airport, port Construction Ministry: landfill, dam Industry Ministry: power station, etc. (1973 Oil Shock, 1979 Second Oil Shock) 1984 Cabinet decision on EIA (1992 Earth Summit, 1993 Basic Environment Law) 1997 EIA Law enacted 2011 EIA Law (Revised to add SEA process, etc.) 15 Critics say EIA is a pardoner or an excuse. Strong opposition blocked legislation.

Major Events around Ozone Layer Protection Law 1992 Automobile NOx Law 1992 Earth Summit (UNCED in Rio de Janeiro) Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, Conventions on GHG, Bio-diversity 1988 Brundtland Commission “Our Common Future” Concept of “Sustainable Development” 1993 Basic Environment Law (1967 Basic Law abolished) 1994 Basic Environment Plan 1988 Amagasaki Action on the Air Pollution 1988 PCB high-temperature pyrolysis 1990 EMECS Conference (Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas) 1994 International EMECS Center Hyogo Trends International/National Trends 16

Environmental Management System In 1996, the International Organization for Standardization published the first edition of ISO 14001, the environmental management systems standard. In Japan, EA 21 is disseminated to SMEs. Plan Do Check Action Continuous Improvement EMS as a business strategy along with Quality Management System ISO

Information Disclosure of Companies: Environmental Report (CSR Report) Input (Material, Energy) Environmental Load Company A Company B Company C Company A Consumer Investor, Shareholder Worker Bank Securities Co. Grading Organization Government Institutional Investor NGO/NPO Stakeholders Value Chain Product/Service 18

Information Disclosure of Companies: PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) Risk Communication Citizens Companies Governments How many tons of chemicals -Released to Air, Water, Soil -Transferred to Sewage, Disposal site per year. Chemical risk is evaluated by Hazard X Exposure Dose 19 Source: MOEJ

Major Events around Environment Agency becomes the Ministry of the Environment 1999 Dioxin Law 2000 Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material Cycle Society (2003 Fundamental Plan) 2003 Environmental Education Law 1999 APN Center in Kobe (Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research) 2001 IGES Kansai Research Center (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies) 2003 Hyogo Eco-town Plan Hyogo TrendsInternational/National Trends 1999 PRTR Law 2005 Kyoto Protocol comes into effect. Kyoto Target Achievement Plan 2001 POPs Convention 20

2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Environment and Disaster Management -Rubble treatment -Environmental monitoring (asbestos, PCB, etc.) Radioactive material -Basic Environment Law, etc. were revised to include radioactive material. Photo: Wikipedia Photo: MOEJ 21

Conclusions 22 1.Environmental problems change according to the contents of economic development. 2.Environmental issues have expanded, which makes us deal with the issues “wide and shallow.” 3.Before environmental damage prevail, countermeasures should be taken as early as possible. 4. “Coordination between Environment and Economy” needs to be carefully examined. 5.“Regulatory measure” works effectively when polluter is identified. 6.Information disclosure is effective to change the attitudes of companies. 7.Japan has experienced environmental problems one by one, which made it possible to have time to deal with the problems.

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