Today’s Checklist Jesus of Nazareth – notes Encountering Jesus reading on the world of Jesus The religious and political groups of Jesus’ time

"Then Jesus spoke to the multitudes and to His disciples, saying: "The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat. Therefore whatever they tell you to observe, that observe and do, but do not do according to their works; for they say, and do not do. For they bind heavy burdens, hard to bear, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers. But all their works they do to be seen by men." - Matt 23:1-5

The five religious and political groups of Jesus’ time that you will study are (RSPEZ): 1.The Romans 2.The Sadducees 3.The Pharisees 4.The Essenes 5.The Zealots

Religious and Political Groups of Jesus’ Time

The time of Jesus was politically unstable. The Jewish people were used to being conquered by other people--the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Greeks. With every new occupation of their land, the Jewish people would be scattered on the four winds, only to be reunited years afterward. From out of this chaos, the Roman Empire emerged. The Romans were effective administrators, but they considered anyone not Roman to be a barbarian. This empire would brook no dissent. They ruled their world with absolute power.

The Imperial Empire of Rome was hungry for power, but also for peace. The Romans were anxious to spread their sense of progress throughout the known world, from Northern Africa to the British Isles. They were so successful, in fact, that one third of the world lived and died under the rule of the Caesars—the emperors of Rome.

1. The Romans --well-disciplined, strong army --created roads, maintained public order --ruled Israel in Jesus’ time

2. Roman Rule in Israel The Jewish people resented Roman rule. They believed they were capable of self-government. The Jews hated that fact that the Roman procurators (senior administrators) could appoint and depose the Jewish High Priest.

The People cried out for a Messiah—the leader who would free them from oppression. 3. The Jewish people wanted their Messiah to be a political conqueror like King David of old. Someone who would defeat the Romans. They were not expecting a peace- loving Jesus.

Within Jewish society there were many different groups who wanted different things

4. The Sadducees --the priestly class --aristocrats (rich) --centred in Jerusalem --worked with Romans to stay in power; therefore, not liked by many other Jews --accepted only the Torah (the Law) as scripture, no oral tradition --Made up the 71 member Sanhedrin—the major law-making body and supreme court of Judaism

The Sanhedrin—the ruling council of Jews

5. The Pharisees --believed in strict observance of the Law --kept them away from sin and Gentile influence --mainly middle class --accepted the writings of the Prophets as inspired as well as the Torah (Law) --too much reliance on Oral tradition. --Pharisees thought they could earn heaven by keeping religious custom/Law. --Jesus taught God’s love a gift to sinner and saint --experts at the Law—our closest equivalent would be (modern day lawyers)

The Pharisees try to trick Jesus about His interpretation of the Law.

6. The Essenes --believed God was coming, but only through a catastrophic event. --lived strict, pure lives away from civilization --hid their writings in seaside caves—the Dead Sea Scrolls --lived austere lives—avoiding luxuries, sharing communal meals, acts of ritualistic purification; i.e. sitting on top of a tree for decades, or a vow of silence

The Dead Sea Scrolls

The Essene life was a life apart. The purified themselves in the hopes that they would be righteous when God returned.

An Essene cave

Modern Essenes—the Monks

Self-immolation

Modern day zealots—freedom fighters and terrorists And I will execute vengeance in anger and fury upon the heathen, such as they have not heard. Micah 5:15 For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the world. Deuteronomy 32:22 If I whet my glittering sword, and mine hand take hold on judgment; I will render vengeance to mine enemies…I will make my arrows dark with blood and my sword shall devour flesh…. Deuteronomy 13:41-42 Life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth. Exodus 21:24

7. The Zealots --contrast to Essenes--change will not come from inner purification --wanted revolutionary political action --used violence as an attempt to overthrow Romans --Not interested in Jesus’ teachings of peace and love for one’s enemies Waco, Texas A cult called the Branch Davidians set fire to their compound—killing everyone inside.

Stoning - Life of Brian Where does power lie? And is it legitimate? What does this clip demonstrate about the political instability of Jesus’ time?