The Late Medieval Papacy Boniface VIII ( ) Benedict XI (1303-4) Beginning of the Avignon Papacy Clement V ( ) John XXII ( ) Benedict XII ( ) Clement VI ( ) Innocent VI ( ) Urban V ( ) Gregory XI ( ) The Papal Schism Roman Popes Pisan Popes Avignon Popes Urban VI ( ) Clement VII ( ) Boniface IX ( ) Innocent VII (1404-6) Alexander V ( ) Gregory XII ( ) John XXIII ( ) Benedict XIII ( ) COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE REUNITES PAPACY ( ) The Renaissance Papacy Martin V ( ) through Leo X ( )

The Renaissance Meaning of term = French for “re-birth” or “born again” “Humanism” – from Latin humanitas – emphasizes influence of the humanities on culture (literature, philosophy, fine arts) Impetus – Classical learning languishing in chains of Roman dogma – interest in humanities and sciences grows in towns – restless enthusiasm to break loose from dogma and embrace new freedom to pursue humanistic learning

Renaissance Spirit Spirit of the age: “As knowledge grew, fear decreased; men thought less of worshiping the unknown, and more of overcoming it. Every vital spirit was lifted up with a new confidence; barriers were broken down; there was no bound now to what man might do” (Durant, Philosophy, 105)

Key Contributors to Renaissance Leaders remain loyal to RCC Dante Alighieri ( ) Tetrarch ( ) Manuel Chrysoloras of Constantinople

Spread of Renaissance Humanism In Italy In the Roman Church In France In England In Germany In Holland

Renaissance Humanists and Evangelicals Join in opposition to Scholasticism and deficiencies of papacy – heading for “Y” in the road Humanists revive study of biblical languages, emphasize and develop literal interpretation Nicholas of Lyra ( ) Renaissance Humanists: promote textual criticism – love for scientific investigation – individualism

Spread of the Written Word Invention of printing press in 1446 by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany ( ) Crusades open trade routes allowing paper to arrive from Egypt Luther: “Printing is God’s latest and best work to spread the true religion throughout the world”

Printing Press

Reforming Evangelicals Peter de Bruys (d. ca. 1140) – Petrobusians Peter Waldo – Waldenses John Wyclif (d. 1384) – Lollards John Huss ( )

John Wyclif (d. 1384)

Wyclif Sends Out Preachers

Reforming Evangelicals Petrobusians- Peter de Bruys (d. ca. 1140) Waldenses- Peter Waldo John Wyclif (d. 1384) - Lollards John Huss ( )

John Hus ( )

Late Medieval Mysticism Mystic Movement Dominican John Eckhard ( ) John Ruysbroeck ( ) Gerard Groote ( ) Thomas a Kempis ( ) John of Wessel Girolamo Savonarola

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State of Roman Catholicism at Close of Medieval Era Persecuting Church “Compared with the persecution of heresy [by the RCC]... the persecution of Christians by [pagan] Romans... was a mild and humane procedure” (Will Durant) Corrupt Leadership Materialistic Greed Sensuality Lack of Spiritual Leadership Degenerating Theology

“Compared with the persecution of heresy [by the RCC]... the persecution of Christians by [pagan] Romans... was a mild and humane procedure.” - Will Durant

Veneration of Mary “Mother of God” – official title bestowed 431 at Council of Ephesus Mary increasingly viewed as mediator interceding with the Son for mercy on sinners “Queen of Heaven” – 13 th C designation “Immaculate Conception” – Mary born free of original sin (declared by Pope Pius IX, 1854)

Veneration of Mary “Perpetual Virgin” (Jesus’ “brothers” = cousins) “Assumption” – taken bodily into heaven (Pope Pius XII in 1950) Pope John Paul II referred to Mary as “Co- Redemptrix” and as “Co-Operator in the Redemption” (not yet official)

Sacramental System of Salvation Sacrament – Latin sacramentum meaning “sign” or “symbol” – sign of grace conveyed to sinner Concept- “full of grace” (“Treasury of Merits”) Mortal Sins Venial sins

Seven Sacraments Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance (punishment) Holy Matrimony Holy Orders Extreme Unction

Purgatory Concept – Purgatory a temporal place or state between heaven and hell where punishment is suffered by those who die in the grace of God, but who lack sufficient grace to enter his presence Indulgences – length of punishment can be reduced by receiving indulgences from the pope Defense – 2 Maccabees 12:39-45; Matt 12:3lff; 1 Cor 3: Abuses Widespread – significant source of income for Church Denial of Priesthood of Believer

Corrupt Ecclesiastical Politics Nepotism Simony Pluralism Absenteeism Granting special exemptions from Church Law Indulgences

Indulgences From sinner’s perspective = the receipt (usually purchase) from the Church of absolution (in varying degrees) from the temporal suffering necessitated by sin Sin absolved by priest must receive temporal penalty and that penalty can be diminished by application of grace from the Treasury of Merits Works may include: visit to holy place, repetition of assigned prayers, performance of good works, a monetary gift to the Church – in some way a good deed is substituted for a sinful deed or attitude At Dawn of Reformation – Pope Leo X ( ) revived the Jubilee indulgence purporting to use all revenues to fight Turks in East and help sinners in West – his actual program was to finish construction on Basilica of St Peter in Rome

Vatican City

Letter of Indulgence