Class 26: Pius IX and Vatican I 29 March 2006

Introduction Pius IX (cont.) Labor Movements and Revolutions of 1848 Vatican I Anti-Semitism

Pius IX ( ) Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of 1848 Negotiates Church rights with many European governments (concordats) Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much enlightenment thought Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church Convenes Vatican I in 1869 Loses Papal States in 1870 Beatified along with John XXIII in 2000

Background to Revolutions of 1848 Industrial Revolution had created a class of urban poor laborers  Barely able to survive on subsistence wages  Disruption of family (child labor in industry very different from working family farm)  Survival of the fittest (Malthus, Essay on Principle of Population, 1789) Disruption in basic social patterns leads to disillusionment with society, including established religions Efforts to change conditions for laborers often united with atheism Religious response  YMCA  Salvation Army  St. Vincent de Paul Reread Charles Dickens

Socialism and Communism Associated with ‘free thinkers’ Specifically targeted economic and social models (unlike philosophes a century earlier who attacked political models)  Opposed to private property Criticized religious response as basically one of keeping the laborer in his place Friedrich Engels, Conditions of Working Class in England (1844)

Gustav Dore Scripture Reader in a Night Shelter groups.msn.com/HOMELESSinbaltimoremd/gustavedore.msnw?action=Show Photo&PhotoID=13

Prolog Communist Manifest A spectre is haunting Europe -- the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies. Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries? Two things result from this fact: I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power. II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself. To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.

Revolutions of 1848 In 1848, revolt started in Italy, spread to France  Pius IX forced to flee Italy In 1849 labor revolutions in Prussia, Austria, Hungary, Southern Italy Eventually revolutions are crushed and strong rulers come to power in France (Louis Napoleon) and Prussia (Bismarck)  But strong rulers who supported economic liberalism; not supportive of Church

Vatican I Pius IX announced intention to call a Council in 1864 just before publication of Syllabus of Errors Bull of Convocation, Aeterni Patris was promulgated on Dec 8, 1868  Definition of Papal Infallibility  Hostile reaction in England, Germany, France First Session 8 Dec. 1869, Council ended in 1870  Council affirmed infallibility in First Dogmatic Constitution of Church of Christ (Session 4)  Franco-Prussian War of 1870; Council not officially closed

Reflections on Vatican I Epistemology  Major issues in early Enlightenment: how do we know  Vatican I says we know the faith because we can trust in Magisterium of Church; Pope is uniquely guarantor of what is in the Magisterium  Method of knowing the truth: Thomism; theological empiricism; most like a mathematical proof Society and Politics  Stability in religion and society critical  Church (Pope) provides that stability  The document is a Constitution

Three Types of Anti-Semitism 19 th C Religious  From Second Century onwards conflict between synagogue and Church Economic and Social  Middle class and wealthy Jews adept at moving and taking advantage of free market economies because of roots in banking business  Several intellectual leaders of radical social reforms and revolution to implement them were Jewish  Both of these lead to fear of Jews by non-Jewish middle class Cultural  Development of nations; what does it mean to be German or Italian or French?

Pius IX and Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara Remember, Pius IX opened the Jewish ghetto in Rome In 1858 a Jewish boy who may have been Baptized by a family servant was ‘kidnapped’ by Catholic authorities in Bologna an placed in a monastery Pope Pius IX affirms this action and takes a special interest in the boy Fuels flames of Italian nationalism against Pope and Papal States International outrage over this incident also contributes to downfall of Papal states in 1870

What Happened to Edgardo? In his early teens, he was given the opportunity to return to his family and Judaism; he refused He joined Canon Regulars; ordained at age 21  Canon Regulars follow Augustine’s Rule  All are ordained (unlike monks)  Dedicated to service to Church, often in world Lived in Belgium He felt a special link to spirituality of Lourdes Died in 1940, just two months before the Nazis invaded Belgium

Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and Dreyfus Affair France lost the Franco Prussian War of 1870 in a disastrous series of battles;  Forced to relinquish Rhine valley, Alsace-Loraine to Prussia  Defeat created social and political tensions within France and the military: who was to blame  French military had been very open to Jewish officers In 1880s the Panama Canal Company went bankrupt, causing one of the first capitalist depressions in France  Owners of company were Jews Cries of ‘France for the French’ were raised  ‘Scientific’ definition and stereotyping of races Dreyfus arrest as a spy for Germans in 1890; convicted and spent 12 years on penal colony; exonerated in 1906

Timeline of Pius IX 1846: Elected Pope 1848: Revolutions of 1848, forced to flee Rome, returned by French 1854: Dogma of Immaculate Conception 1858: Lourdes and Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara 1864: Syllabus of Errors : Vatican I 1870: Franco-Prussian War 1878: Pope Pius IX dies 1985: Declared blessed along with John XXIII by Pope John Paul II