Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Onset of the Cold War 28

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Cold War Begins: Issues Dividing U.S., U.S.S.R. Potsdam Conference – note of uncertainty Fundamental disagreement over control of postwar Europe Other issues not resolved War reparations Economic aid Nuclear disarmament Russia first learned of atomic bomb through espionage

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Division of Europe Key issue of cold war – who would control Europe 1945: Russians occupied eastern Europe, American troops occupied western Europe Soviet Union sought eastern European buffer U.S. demanded national self-determination through free elections throughout Europe Stalin separated eastern Europe from western Europe into a system of satellite nations – called “iron curtain”

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Europe After World War II

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Withholding Economic Aid Withholding Economic aid – another issue Russia devastated by World War II Some Americans sought to influence Russia with Lend-Lease economic aid 1945: United States halted Lend-Lease without Russian settlement Russia bitter because U.S. didn’t provide economic help after WW II

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Atomic Dilemma 1943: Nuclear race between U.S. and U.S.S.R. 1946: Baruch Plan – disarmament plan –Rapid reduction of U.S. military force –Gradual reduction of weapons to preserve U.S. atomic monopoly Soviet Union –Larger conventional army than U.S. –Immediate destruction of atomic weapons

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containment 1947: George C. Marshall appointed Secretary of State Called for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies” – Contain Communism Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Truman Doctrine 1947: Truman sought funds to keep Greece in Western sphere of influence Truman Doctrine: “Support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure” Doctrine an informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Marshall Plan 1947: George Marshall proposed aid for rebuilding Western European industries – gave massive amounts Russia refused aid 1948: Marshall Plan fostered western European prosperity – lesson from past Plan successful

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 1948– 1952

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Western Military Alliance Fear of Russia’s military aggression 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization –Military alliance included U.S., Canada, most of western Europe –U.S. troops stationed in Europe –Agree to defend western Europe NATO intensified Russia’s fear of the West

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Berlin Blockade Soviet’s response to containment – Berlin Blockade June, 1948: Russian blockade of Berlin Truman ordered massive airlift to supply the city 1949: Russians end blockade U.S. political victory dramatized division

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Cold War Expands 1947: U.S.–Russian arms race accelerated New economic document – NSC-68 based on premise that soviets want to impose world authority NSC – 68 advocated massive military spending and expansion

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Military Dimension 1947: National Security Act –Department of Defense unified armed forces –Central Intelligence Agency coordinated intelligence-gathering –National Security Council advised president 1949: First Russian atomic bomb exploded, U.S. began hydrogen bomb development

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Cold War in Asia 1945: U.S. consolidates hold on Japan – forms constitutional democracy Civil war in China – U.S. supports Chiang Kai- Shek – nationalist and friend to U.S. 1949: Victory of Mao Tse-tung brings China into Soviet orbit Republicans blame lose of China on Democrats Truman refused recognition of Communist China, began building up Japan

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Korean War Show down between U.S. and Soviets in Korea After WW II, Korea divided and Soviets dominate North Korea and U.S. influence South Korea Communist North Korean forces invade South Korea Truman makes South Korea’s defense a U.N. effort, sends in U.S. troops –U.S. routes Korean forces in South –China threatens war if U.S. invades North Korea –U.S. invades North Korea and China enters war – MacArthur overconfident and gave Truman bad advice –U.S. pushed back to South, war a stalemate Result: Massive American rearmament

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Korean War, 1950–1953

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Cold War at Home Truman perpetuate New Deal begun under FDR Fears of Communist subversion Republicans used anticommunism to revive their party

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Truman Vindicated 1948 election: Truman thought unelectable Democratic party is split Republican Thomas Dewey overconfident and ran bland campaign Truman won – people are happy about the way he handled Berlin Crisis Agreed with his overseas policies

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Loyalty Issue Fear of Communism in this Country House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Communist subversion in government Truman responded with loyalty program Alger Hiss spy case 1940s Democrats blamed for: –“Losing” China to Communism –Russia’s development of a hydrogen bomb –Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for passing American atomic secrets to the Soviet Union

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands McCarthyism in Action 1950: Senator Joseph McCarthy launched anticommunist campaign to hunt out communists in U.S. McCarthy's methods criticized Attacks on bureaucrats and Hollywood Defeat the enemy at home Attack on Army discredited McCarthy

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Republicans in Power 1952: Eisenhower captures White House for Republican Party – says he will end Korean War 1953: stalemate accepted in Korea Republicans used fear of Communism to win election

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Eisenhower Wages the Cold War Eisenhower prefers to work behind the scenes Eisenhower wanted to relax tensions with Soviets –Debt imposed by defense spending –Possibility of atomic warfare Eisenhower’s “new look” policy relied on massive retaliation to deter Soviet attacks

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Entanglement in Indochina After WWII, French held Vietnam 1954, Ho Chi Minh lead Communist guerrillas (Vietminh) to kick French out International conference divides Vietnam Ho Chi Minh gains North Vietnam French get south Vietnam with U.S. economic support – eventually French leave and U.S. takes over

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containing China U.S. takes a tough line against China Policy was to drive a wedge between China and Russia U.S. backs Chiang Kai-shek on Formosa (Taiwan) Refuses to recognize mainland China

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Turmoil in the Middle East Suez Canal built by England and French 1956: Egyptian leader Nasser nationalized Suez Canal France, England invaded Egypt Eisenhower won Middle East trust by pressuring English, French withdrawal 1958: Lebanon invited U.S. troops to maintain order

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Covert Actions Iran: CIA put the Shah in power – led to later problems Guatemala: CIA ousted leftist government Eisenhower declines help to everyone Refused to help East German protestors against Soviet domination Refused to help Hungarian freedom fighters against Soviets

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Waging Peace Nuclear test ban treaty (detect nuclear testing without going on-site) –U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreed to suspend nuclear testing in the atmosphere – Agree to have conference October, 1957: Russians launched Sputnik – First satellite to orbit Earth U.S. concern about Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) – Does Soviet Union have more? Khrushchev – “We will bury you” Khrushchev wants U.S. Great Britain, France out of Berlin (2 nd Berlin Crisis) May, 1960: U-2 incident cancelled plans for summit on new Berlin Crisis

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Continuing Cold War January, 1961: Eisenhower warned against growing military-industrial complex Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace and tranquility New leader of Soviet Union was Nikita Khrushchev