Beginning of the Cold War- growing mistrust between the two world superpowers-the U.S. and the Soviet Union

A. Allies Become Enemies 1. Post-war Problems – During WWII the Soviet Union and the US worked together – When the war ends old hostilities come back – Both countries had different political view points that did not go together

B. Communism v. Capitalism 1.Communism (USSR- Soviet Union) – Equal distribution of wealth – No private property – Government or workers control the businesses and the means of production – Soviets wanted to spread communism around the globe

2.Capitalism/Free Enterprise – United States – Most businesses and industries are privately controlled by individuals – Competition determines the cost of goods and worker pay – US saw itself as the beacon of freedom in the world

C. Fate of Europe 1.Yalta Conference – Feb 4, 1945 – Conference to decide the postwar fate of Europe – Called for free elections and democracy in the nations liberated from the Nazis – Stalin (leader of Soviet Union) did not agree with this-he wanted to keep control over E. Europe

2.Germany – Western Allies want a united demilitarized and independent Germany – Soviets feared a united Germany would invade their country – Split into 4 parts but later becomes 2 countries – Eastern Germany (Soviet controlled) and Western Germany (democratic and free)

4.The Iron Curtain descended on Europe Winston Churchill uses this phrase to describe what happened in EuropeWinston Churchill uses this phrase to describe what happened in Europe This imaginary line marked the democratic west on one side and the Soviet controlled east on the otherThis imaginary line marked the democratic west on one side and the Soviet controlled east on the other

3.Eastern Europe Free elections agreed on at Yalta did not happenFree elections agreed on at Yalta did not happen Soviets establish “satellite states” or governments under the Soviet Unions controlSoviets establish “satellite states” or governments under the Soviet Unions control

2.Greece and Turkey 1946: Communist revolt in Greece1946: Communist revolt in Greece British were supporting Greek GovernmentBritish were supporting Greek Government Ask the US for helpAsk the US for help US did not want Greece or its neighbor, Turkey, to fall to communismUS did not want Greece or its neighbor, Turkey, to fall to communism Truman asked congress for $400 million in aid for the two countriesTruman asked congress for $400 million in aid for the two countries

B. Marshall Plan 1.What is it? – General George C. Marshall (Truman’s Secretary of State) – Asked European countries to come up with long term economic plans – The US would give aid to these countries to rebuild – Between , US spent $13 billion in W. Europe

2.Why did we need the Marshall Plan After WWII Economies of Europe were in bad shapeAfter WWII Economies of Europe were in bad shape Fear this could cause problems for world peace and US economyFear this could cause problems for world peace and US economy Fear that communism would be popular in countries with poor economiesFear that communism would be popular in countries with poor economies

D. A Cold War 1.When – Lasted from What – Cold War = struggle/tensions between the US and Soviet Union over global power – No real face to face war between the two countries – a new “Red Scare”: we’re afraid of communism and its spread 3.Why – US worried the Soviets would try to extend their control – Soviets worried the US would try to take away their power

A. 2 nd Red Scare 1. Where the Fears Came From – Growth of communism in the US (Communist Party of the USA) (Communist Party of the USA) – Soviet Expansion into Eastern Europe – Communist takeover of China – 1949-Soviets had tested an atomic bomb 2. HUAC – House Un-American Activities Committee – Created May 1938 – Investigated disloyalty and harmful foreign influences – Held hearings on Communists in Hollywood and the Government

3. HUAC and Blacklisting HUAC’s most publicized hearings were with Hollywood and the State Dept.HUAC’s most publicized hearings were with Hollywood and the State Dept. People investigated in Hollywood (film, radio, TV) by HUAC were often blacklistedPeople investigated in Hollywood (film, radio, TV) by HUAC were often blacklisted Blacklisting = refusing to hireBlacklisting = refusing to hire Those accused couldn’t find jobsThose accused couldn’t find jobs HUAC investigated 3 million peopleHUAC investigated 3 million people

– The Hollywood Ten, a group of writers who would not cooperate with HUAC, were the most famous of those blacklisted

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Convicted in 1951 of passing secret atomic weapons info to Soviets Convicted in 1951 of passing secret atomic weapons info to Soviets Executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage Executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage

C. McCarthyism 1. Joseph McCarthy- stirred up Cold War fears – Republican Senator from Wisconsin ( ) – In 1950 began a campaign to expose alleged communists in the US Government

2.McCarthy’s Accusations – Communists had infiltrated the US Government – Claimed to have files on 57 communists in the State Department – His accusations were called a hoax but he simply made up more charges

2.McCarthy’s Accusations No Challenges from the Public No Challenges from the Public – Were not used to questioning public officials – Did not want to be labeled “soft on communism” – People wanted an explanation for the spread of communism and McCarthy gave them one – “McCarthyism”-making vicious accusations without proof

4. Army-McCarthy Hearings –One of McCarthy’s assistants had been drafted in the Military –McCarthy blamed communists in the military for this –A group of Senators decided to hold televised hearings on these charges

– McCarthy continued to attack military and the Army’s Attorney, Joseph Welch – People began to see McCarthy as a bully – 1954: Senate voted to condemn McCarthy, 67 to 22-formal reprimand – McCarthy’s lies however still destroyed careers and lives McCarthy

D. Communist Fears in Pop Culture 1. Magazines – Articles published about communism – “How Communists Get That Way” – “Communists Are After Your Child”

2.Movies Hollywood produced 40 anti-communist filmHollywood produced 40 anti-communist film “I Married a Communist”“I Married a Communist”

C. Fear of the Bomb 1. At Home – Students practice duck and cover drills – People built bomb shelters in their backyards

In the 1950’s and 1960’s over 100,000 Americans prepared their own fallout shelters in their basements or backyards. In the 1950’s and 1960’s over 100,000 Americans prepared their own fallout shelters in their basements or backyards. Underground shelters were built in backyards under at least 4 feet of earth or 2 feet of concrete with walls a foot thick. Underground shelters were built in backyards under at least 4 feet of earth or 2 feet of concrete with walls a foot thick. Shelters ranged from $100 for the most basic up to $500 for those that included Geiger counters, telephones, electrical generators and other luxuries. Shelters ranged from $100 for the most basic up to $500 for those that included Geiger counters, telephones, electrical generators and other luxuries.

– Stocked up on food that did not have to be refrigerated – Bought Pocket Dosimeters to let them know when radiation levels were safe C. Fear of the Bomb

2. SANE Committee for Sane Nuclear PolicyCommittee for Sane Nuclear Policy Anti-nuclear groupAnti-nuclear group Argued that nuclear tests released harmful radioactive particles that led to birth defects and diseaseArgued that nuclear tests released harmful radioactive particles that led to birth defects and disease

A. Truman 1.Fair Deal -proposed postwar reforms -expanded SS, GI Bill, raise min. wage 1.Truman Doctrine – President Truman plan to stop the spread of communism – US would give economic aid to countries to fight communism

C. New Foreign Policy 1.Domino theory If one country fell to Communism, the rest around them would fall 1.Containment – US would try to “contain” communism – Wanted to keep it from spreading into important areas – Keep communism where it was

United Nations Formed by 50 nations to : Formed by 50 nations to : – keep peace – save succeeding generations from the scourge of war – reaffirm faith in human rights

D. NATO and the Warsaw Pact 1.NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – April 1949: US, Canada, Iceland, and 9 W. European Nations – Member nations agree to defend each other in case of an attack – NATO would work as a protector against the spread of Communism

2.Warsaw Pact Soviet Union’s response to NATO Soviet Union’s response to NATO Created an alliance between the Soviet Union and its “satellite states” in E. Europe Created an alliance between the Soviet Union and its “satellite states” in E. Europe Members agreed to protect each other if attacked Members agreed to protect each other if attacked

Questions?