Can money break glass? FDI and the Political Glass Ceiling Ruth Whittaker and Alyson Matthews

Question Does an increase in Foreign Direct Investment affect women’s parliamentary participation in developing nations? -yes, but the returns are not linear.

Why Curvilinear? A look at past literature ●Eastin and Prakash (2013) o “Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve?” ●What is a Kuznets Curve? ●Three Stage approach

Explaining our theory -First Stage of FDI: introduction of foreign cultural values and economic opportunities for women -Second Stage FDI: retreat of foreign influence and backlash from traditionalists -Third Stage of FDI: R&D brings foreign norms back and the brightest of society push for political reform

Data and Methods ●Women in parliament ●FDI ○ World Bank World Development Indicators ○ ○ 146 developing countries ●OLS, Tobit, and Fixed Effects Y=β 1 x 1 + β 2 x β 3 x 1 3

Model 1 (OLS) Model 1 (OLS) Model 2 (Tobit) Model 2 (Tobit) Model 3 (Fixed Effects) Model 3 (Fixed Effects) Female Parliamentary Participation (No Controls) Female Parliamentary Participation (All Controls) Female Parliamentary Participation (No Controls) Female Parliamentary Participation (All Controls) Female Parliamentary Participation (No Controls) Female Parliamentary Participation (All Controls) FDI 0.376***0.533***0.329***0.464***0.219*** 0.340*** (4.27)(4.67)(4.46)(5.23)(3.95)(5.55) FDI² ***-0.021***-0.014***-0.016*** *** *** (-3.95)(-3/74)(-3.77)(-3.55)(-3.40)(-4.63) FDI³ *** ** ** ** ** *** (3.36)(3.07)(2.98)(2.61)(2.74)(3.58)

Implications for the Future ●Globalization is complicated ●Look at regional patterns ●Closer examination of gender norms