 Consult maps on  Ottoman Empire  Habsburg-Ottoman Frontier  Austrian Empire  Spanish Road  Savoy and environs, 1627  Dutch Revolt

 Three “arms” of an army 1. Artillery 2. Infantry 3. Cavalry

Weapons  The essential weaponry used in the Thirty Years War already existed by  Artillery: canon proper, culverin, falconet, mortar  Infantry: pike, firearms (musket, arquebus)  Cavalry: lance, sword, firearms

 military revolution: Wilson’s point  Formation  tercio, battalion (infantry)  Movement  countermarch (infantry)  caracole (calvary)  Tactics  Organization  regiment (colonel)  company (captain)

 The “Turkish menace”  the “superpower of the early modern world” (p. 76)  2.3 M sq. km.; 22 M inhabitants over 3 continents  “the scourge of God” (p. 76)

A struggle over a frontier  Hungary  Transylvania  Moldavia  Wallachia

 Transylvania  Torda Agreement (1568)  military challenges: terrain, supply lines, fighting season  Military Frontier  50 km deep  funded by Reichstag (22 M florins x 8: )  local organization of defence in large sections

 Warfare  “sieges and skirmishes” (p. 97)  The battle for Transylvania: Habsburg success (1600)  pyrrhic victory: Hungarian losses  Bocskai Revolt ( )  István Bocskai (Calvinist): “from loyal servant to rebel leader” (p. 101)  conquest of Transylvania  Treaty of Vienna (1606): toleration for Lutheran and Calvinist nobles in Hungary and Transylvania  military defeat of Habsburg enforcement of Catholicism

 Treaty of Zsitva Török (1606)  Emperor and Sultan as equals  an end to Habsburg tributes  twenty year truce (confirmed, 1615; renewed: 1627, 1642, 1664)  Consequences for Thirty Years War  Ottoman Empire  rise of European commanders (pro-Habsburg: Tilly, Wallenstein; anti-Habsburg: Mansfeld)  redeployment of Habsburg forces

 Rudolf II vs. Matthias  1607: Matthias gains control of Hungary.  1608: Moravia acknowledges rule of Matthias in exchange for promise of toleration  1609: Inner Austria: Matthias yields to demands of Baron Tschernembl (p. 112)  Religious toleration wrung from Rudolf  Bohemia, Count Thurn; Letter of Majesty, 1609  Silesia, Letter of Majesty, 1609

 Consequences  for Protestants: “The radicals were victims of their own success” (p. 113).  for Habsburgs  loss of combined support after the Turkish War  crumbling of authority in Habsburg Austria  a fragile monarchy

1. By which instrument did Archduke Charles grant privileges to the “professors of the Gospell” (p. 23)? Give its name and the year in which it was issued. We have already learned this. Who were the “professors”? 2. Who issued this document? 3. On what basis does the document formulate its complaints? 4. What is at stake in the complaints? 5. To what process (about which we have already learned) do the complaints witness?

6. Read the document as a political document. What specific political language can you find in it? What does the document tell us about the actual and ideal relationship between state and society? 7. Does this document help or hinder Wilson’s argument?

 The Spanish Monarchy  The Dutch Revolt,  The Spanish Road  Spanish Peace-making

 Spain  demography  domestic economy  global economy  imperial reputation / mission  “…what gave Spain its sense of mission was a defence of Catholicism that became fused with national identity” (p. 124)  association with Rome (p. 125)

 Spain at war and at peace  Dutch Revolt ( )  Spanish Road  French Wars of Religion ( )  Treaty of Vervins (1598)  Twelve Years Truce (1609)

 Dutch Revolt  Army of Flanders (61,000)  Duke of Parma  Flanders school warfare  siege of Ostend ( )  Ambrogio di Spinola  composition of Army (pp

 Dutch Republic  demography  economy  society  politics  Maurice of Nassau  armaments industry (p. 137)

 Dutch military reforms  Justus Lipsius and the disciplined society  Dutch drill  only necessary movement  order  self-discipline  military culture of subordination  Influence  fighting for the Dutch  territorial defence system: militia  payment of soldiers

 Spanish Road  Dutch Revolt  French Wars of Religion  Lorraine and Savoy  Treaty of Lyon (1601): France and Savoy  Grésin route closed, 1609  Swiss mountain passes  Valtellina

 Spanish peacemaking  Belgian autonomy  Twelve Years Truce, 1609  Savoy and Mantua  Peace of Asti (1615)  Treaty of Pavia (1617)  “…there was nothing to suggest a major war was inevitable” (p. 167).

 Letters of Majesty  Twelve Years Truce