Empire known as Eastern Roman Empire Capital is Constantinople Present-Day Istanbul

  Most important Byzantine Emperor  Ruled with absolute power; headed state and church  After 13 years in office he has reclaimed all of the Old Roman Empire  Byzantines control this territory for about 15 years, lose it about 5 years after Justinian’s death in 550 Emperor Justinian

  Code served Byzantine Empire for 900 years  A code of laws that people can actually read and know what the law is  Prevented oppression from leaders of making new laws  Still used in north Africa and southern Europe today  Consisted of 4 works  Code – 5,000 Roman laws  Digest – legal opinions  Institutes – how to use the laws  Novellae – New Laws Justinian’s Code 2 nd Accomplishment

  Greatest accomplishment of Justinian’s reign  Most splendid church in Christian world Hagia Sophia

  Most powerful woman in Byzantine history.  Advisor to her husband  As empress, she passed laws and built churches Theodora, Justinian’s Wife

 Church Divides - Schism  Western Empire becomes Roman Catholic  Pope supported Icons  Pope ordered excommunication of a Byzantine emperor  Conduct services in Latin  Head of Church is the Pope  Eastern Empire becomes Eastern Orthodox  Leo III – banned icons (viewed them as idol worship)  Conduct services in Greek/local languages  Head of Church is Patriarch and Bishops  Spread Christianity to Slavs

  Missionaries from the Orthodox Church took their form of Christianity to the Slavs  Two missionaries, Saint Methodius and Saint Cyril, invented an alphabet for the Slavic languages.  The Cyrillic Alphabet – allowed Slavs to read the Bible in their own languages. Cyrillic Alphabet

  Russia grows out of a blending of Slavic and Byzantine cultures and adopts Eastern Orthodox traditions. Russia

  Emergence of Russian Culture  Byzantium trades with Slavs – groups living north of Black Sea  Eventually Slavic and Greek traditions produce Russian culture  Slavs and Vikings  In 800s, Vikings settle among Slavs; move to Kiev  Vikings and Slavs mix cultures, become one Russia’s Birth

  Princess Olga of Kiev visits Constantinople; converts to Christianity  Her grandson, Vladimir, becomes leader of Kiev around 980  In 989, Vladimir has all Kiev citizens convert to Byzantine Christianity and baptized in Dnieper River  Beliefs and traditions of Orthodox Christianity flourish in Kiev Kiev Becomes Orthodox

  Kievan Russia  Vladimir expands Russia into Poland, and north to Baltic Sea  Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise, rules Kiev in 1019  Forges alliances, creates legal code, builds churches  Keiv’s Decline  Yaroslav divides realm between his sons (instead of following the custom of passing on the throne to the eldest son); this causes civil war.  Kiev’s commerce is further weakened by the Crusades  The Crusades – clash between Christians and Muslims over Holy Lands Kiev’s Power and Decline

  The Mongols  Mongols, nomads from central Asia, begin conquests in early 1200s  Kiev falls in 1240 to Genghis Khan’s grandson, Batu Khan  Mongols rule much of Russia for the next 200 years  Mongol Rule in Russia  Mongols give Russians many freedoms, but demand obedience, tribute  Russian nobles such as Alexander Nevsky support Mongols (he advised his fellow princes to cooperate with the Mongols).  Mongol rule isolates Russia from rest of Europe The Mongol Invasions

  The Rise of Moscow  Moscow founded in 1100s (crude village protected by a log wall)  Located near three major rivers: Volga, Dnieper, and Don. Imp because it was a strategic location, a prince of Moscow who could gain control of all 3, could control nearly all of European Russia – be able to challenge Mongols!!!!  Moscow’s Powerful Princes  Moscow’s princes grow strong under Mongol rule throughout the 1300s  An Empire Emerges  Late 1400s Ivan III becomes prince of Moscow; challenges Mongol rule.  Takes the name czar, Russian for “Caesar”, and vows to restore Russia  Russian and Mongol armies face off at Ugra River in 1480  Both armies retreat and Russia marks this bloodless standoff as their liberation from Mongol rule Russia Breaks Free

  Turkish people convert to Islam and establish new empires that renew Muslim civilization Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia

  Decline of the Abbasids  Powerful Abbasid Empire face many attacks during 700s and 800s.  Persians conquer Abbasid capital, Baghdad in 945  The Conquering Seljuks  Turks are a nomadic group living along western border of China  10 th century –growing number of Turks began converting to Islam and slowly migrating into the weakened Abbasid Empire.  One of the first of these migrating Turkish groups was known as – the Seljuks – seizes Baghdad in 1055 from the Persians  In 1071 Seljuk sultans crush Byzantine Empire at Battle of Manzikert  Within 10 years, Seljuks take most of Anatolia; bring Turks close to Constantinople The Rise of the Turks

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  The Turks Secure Persian Support  Turks seek support of Persians and embrace Persian culture  Give Persians key posts, include that of vizier, or prime minister  Adopt Persian language and religion – Islam  Malik Shah was one of the most famous Seljuk rulers, or shahs  He and other shahs support Persian artists; build mosques The Rise of the Turks

  In 1092, Malik Shah dies; ruled as the last of the strong Seljuk leaders; after his unexpected death in 1092, no capable shah replaces him  Seljuk Empire disintegrates into loose collection of minor kingdoms Seljuks Confront Crusaders and Mongols

  The Seljuks and the Crusaders  Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095 – Christians drive Turks out of Anatolia and recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule  In 1099, Crusaders capture Jerusalem; massacre Muslims and Jews  Fragment of Seljuk Empire fights back, Muslims recover Jerusalem in 1187  Saladin and his Western opponent King Richard I of England sign a true.  Agreement gives Jerusalem to the Muslims but granted Western pilgrims access to Christian holy places Seljuks Confront Crusaders and Mongols

  Remember : Mongols were a nomadic clan that grew into a unified force under the rule of Genghis Khan and swiftly conquered China  Mongol armies under leader Hulagu capture Baghdad (ruled by Seljuks) in 1258  Hulagu, Genghis Kahn’s grandson, burns palace, kills Abbasid caliph (an Islamic religious or political leader)  Ends Turkish rule with much bloodshed Seljuks Face the Mongols