1 Chapter 3 Myology

2 Section 1 The general description A. Three variations of muscular tissue 1. According to the gross structure 1) skeletal muscle 2) smooth muscle 3) cardiac muscle 2. According to the microscopic structure 1) striped(striated) muscle (skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle) 2) unstriated muscle (smooth muscle) 3. According to the function 1) voluntary muscle (skeletal muscle) 2) involuntary muscle (smooth and cardiac muscles) Section 1 The general description A. Three variations of muscular tissue 1. According to the gross structure 1) skeletal muscle 2) smooth muscle 3) cardiac muscle 2. According to the microscopic structure 1) striped(striated) muscle (skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle) 2) unstriated muscle (smooth muscle) 3. According to the function 1) voluntary muscle (skeletal muscle) 2) involuntary muscle (smooth and cardiac muscles)

3 B. The morphology of skeletal muscles 1. 4 kinds of skeletal muscles long, short, broad, orbicular muscles. 2. The direction of muscular fibers bipennate muscles unipennate muscles multipennate muscles 3. The tendinous number digastric m., biceps m., triceps m., quadriceps m.. B. The morphology of skeletal muscles 1. 4 kinds of skeletal muscles long, short, broad, orbicular muscles. 2. The direction of muscular fibers bipennate muscles unipennate muscles multipennate muscles 3. The tendinous number digastric m., biceps m., triceps m., quadriceps m..

4 bipennate muscles unipennate muscles multipennate muscles bipennate muscles unipennate muscles multipennate muscles digastric m., biceps m., triceps m., quadriceps m.. digastric m., biceps m., triceps m., quadriceps m..

5 bipennate muscles unipennate muscles multipennate muscles bipennate muscles unipennate muscles multipennate muscles

6 C.The gross structures of a skeletal muscle: 1. Belly and tendon : aponeurosis, tendinous intersection intermediate tendon C.The gross structures of a skeletal muscle: 1. Belly and tendon : aponeurosis, tendinous intersection intermediate tendon digastric m. triceps m. biceps m. quadriceps m. digastric m. triceps m. biceps m. quadriceps m.

7 D.The origin, insertion of skeletal muscle: 1.The fixation of muscles: most muscles are attached to bones, cartilages, ligaments, fasciae or combination of them, some are attached to organs, skin or mucous membrane. 2. Origin and insertion: a) in general, when a muscle contracts or shortens, fixed attachment is origin, the moveable one is insertion, so in limbs, the distal parts of muscles usually are insertion. b) sometimes the flexion and movement parts of the muscle may be exchanged each other. D.The origin, insertion of skeletal muscle: 1.The fixation of muscles: most muscles are attached to bones, cartilages, ligaments, fasciae or combination of them, some are attached to organs, skin or mucous membrane. 2. Origin and insertion: a) in general, when a muscle contracts or shortens, fixed attachment is origin, the moveable one is insertion, so in limbs, the distal parts of muscles usually are insertion. b) sometimes the flexion and movement parts of the muscle may be exchanged each other.

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9 E. The action of the muscles: 1. Prime movers or agonists: contract actively 2. Antagonists: oppose the action of a prime mover 3. Synergist: cooperate in performing an action 4. Fixators E. The action of the muscles: 1. Prime movers or agonists: contract actively 2. Antagonists: oppose the action of a prime mover 3. Synergist: cooperate in performing an action 4. Fixators

10 F.The nomenclature of muscles: The names of muscles indicated shape, location, actions or their combination of muscles. F.The nomenclature of muscles: The names of muscles indicated shape, location, actions or their combination of muscles.

11 The nomenclature of the muscle The names of muscles indicated shape, location, actions or their combination of muscles.

12 G.The accessory structures of the muscles 1.The fascia: a) superficial fascia (fat, the trunks of subcutaneous vessels and nerves, the superficial lymph notes, the mammary gland and cutaneous muscles.) b) deep fascia (proper fascia) ---form some sheaths for each or group of muscles and for vessels and nervous. ---intermuscular septa separating the groups of muscles ---retinaculum for its underlying tendons. G.The accessory structures of the muscles 1.The fascia: a) superficial fascia (fat, the trunks of subcutaneous vessels and nerves, the superficial lymph notes, the mammary gland and cutaneous muscles.) b) deep fascia (proper fascia) ---form some sheaths for each or group of muscles and for vessels and nervous. ---intermuscular septa separating the groups of muscles ---retinaculum for its underlying tendons.

13 G. The accessory structures of the muscles 1. The fascia 1) The superficial fascia --- immediately beneath the cutis, covering almost the entire body. --- to be composed of loose connective tissue containing fat in varying quantity. --- varies in thickness in different individuals and different parts of the body. --- contains the trunks of the subcutaneous vessels and nerves, the superficial lymph nodes the mammary gland and certain cutaneous muscles.

14 2) The deep fascia (proper fascia) --- forms some sheaths for each or group of muscles and for vessels and nerves. --- intermuscular septa separating the groups of muscles. --- retinaculum for its underlying tendons.

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16 retinaculum

17 2.The synovial tendon sheath (or tendinous sheath): 2 layers a) fibrous layer (or fibrous sheath of tendon) b) synovial layer (or synovial sheath of tendon) --- parietal layer and visceral layer (synovial fluid) --- mesotendon (mesotendineum) carries blood vessels to the tendon. 2.The synovial tendon sheath (or tendinous sheath): 2 layers a) fibrous layer (or fibrous sheath of tendon) b) synovial layer (or synovial sheath of tendon) --- parietal layer and visceral layer (synovial fluid) --- mesotendon (mesotendineum) carries blood vessels to the tendon.

18 3. The synovial bursa 4. The sesamoid bones 3. The synovial bursa 4. The sesamoid bones

19 The groups, layers of bodily muscles

20 Section 2 The Muscles of Trunk . The muscles of back trapezius, latissimus, levattor scapulae, rhomboid muscles erector spinae (sacrospinelis) thoracolumbar fascia . The muscles of thorax 1) The extrinsic muscles pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior 2) The intrinsic muscles intercostales extrerni, intercostales interni . The diaphragm . The muscles of abdomen

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25 Section 3 The Muscles of Head and Neck . The muscles of head 1. The facial muscles 2. The masticatory muscles . The muscles of neck 1. The superficial group plytama, sternocleidomastoid 2. The hyoid muscle 1) The suprahyoid muscles digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid 2) The infrahyoid muscles sternohyoid, omohyoid; sternothyoid, thyrohyoid

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28 Section 4 The Muscles of Upper Limb

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33 Section 5 The Muscles of lower Limb

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