Physical Education

1. What movement is occurring at Nadel’s right elbow? Name the muscle responsible for this movement. What does the triceps do to allow this movement / action to occur?

4. Muscles work in pairs. What is the name we give to the muscle that causes movement to occur? 5. What is the name given to the other muscle, that allows the movement/action to occur?

Name the movement occurring at the following joints; AND the prime mover / agonist muscle responsible: Shoulder Elbow Left knee

For the Irish player name the movement occurring at the following joints; AND the prime mover / agonist muscle responsible: Right hip Right knee Right ankle Left shoulder

12. What is the movement occurring at the right wrist of the volleyball player spiking the ball?

Stability State where the centre of gravity and line of gravity are in the following pictures: AND describe the relative stability of each person. 13. 14.

15. Explain 3 ways in which the person indicated by the arrow increases their stability? “A” 16. Make a statement about the centre of gravity and relative stability of the diver compared to person “A”

17. To control their forward rotation, the gymnast arches his back and moves his arms and legs backward (in a position similar to the ‘hang position’ adopted in the long jump). This is an application of which of Newton’s Laws?

Somatotypes: Consider each of the following players Somatotypes: Consider each of the following players. For each player identify and explain an anatomical feature and biomechanical principle that could provide an advantage in tennis. Justine Henin 19. Serena Williams 20. Maria Sharapova

Identify 3 immediate physiological responses to exercise during a game of 3 v 3 streetball. For one of these responses, explain why this occurs.

You have been involved in a 6 week training programme for streetball You have been involved in a 6 week training programme for streetball. Describe 3 physiological changes that have occurred over this time. For one of these responses, explain why this occurs.

25. Look at the sequence of photos showing tennis serve 25. Look at the sequence of photos showing tennis serve. Describe how maximum force is generated in the serve.

What are the energy system(s) used in the following events / activities: Floor routine in gymnastics Goal kick Javelin 400m race

Explain the importance of each of the energy systems used: In a tennis match During a game of hockey

Extension Choose a sport you are involved in. Think of a specific movement / action associated with this sport / activity. This could be a running, throwing, striking or jumping action, or a common movement, e.g. standing up when surfing. List the movements occurring at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and ankle. List the agonist and antagonist muscles involved at each joint. Explain in detail the principles of force summation during the action. Discuss the relative stability of the person during the preparation and execution phase(s) of the action. Describe the importance of each of the 3 energy systems in your selected sport / activity, and also specifically during the phase you have identified. Describe 5 immediate physiological effects that occur during participation in your activity. Consider also the warm up phase that may precede the activity. Describe 5 physiological effects that may occur as a result of a prolonged training programme, or through involvement in the activity over a period of time. E.g. a person surfs or goes rock climbing three times a week for 8 weeks. Describe Newton’s Laws as they apply to your activity. You may need to consider more than one action / application in your explanation. Describe how the length of levers may be changed to improve performance in your activity. Consider how a people with a range of body types may be advantaged / disadvantaged in your activity / sport. Give specific examples and relate this to anatomical features and biomechanical principles.

1. What movement is occurring at Nadel’s right elbow? Elbow flexion Name the muscle responsible for this movement. Biceps What does the triceps do to allow this movement / action to occur? Relaxes & lengthens, (then contracts @ end of movement)

Muscles work in pairs. What is the name we give to the muscle that causes movement to occur? Prime mover / agonist What is the name given to the other muscle, that allows the movement/action to occur? Antagonist muscle

Name the movement occurring at the following joints; AND the prime mover / agonist muscle responsible: Shoulder Flexion – Anterior deltoid (Antagonist = posterior deltoid) Elbow. Extension – triceps (antagonist = biceps) Left knee Flexion - Hamstrings (antagonist = quadriceps)

For the Irish player name the movement occurring at the following joints; AND the prime mover / agonist muscle responsible: Right hip Extension – Gluteals (antagonist = Hip flexors) Right knee Extension - quadriceps Right ankle Plantar flexion - gastrocnemius Left shoulder Abduction - trapezius

12. What is the movement occurring at the right wrist of the volleyball player spiking the ball? Flexion – wrist flexors (antagonist = wrist extensors)

Stability State where the centre of gravity and line of gravity are in the following pictures: AND describe the relative stability of each person. 13. 14.

15. Explain 3 ways in which the person indicated by the arrow increases their stability? Wide stance, bend knees = lower cog, keep cog over base of support “A” 16. Make a statement about the centre of gravity and relative stability of the diver compared to person “A” Arms raised cog shifts higher, narrow base of support = less stable

To control their forward rotation, the gymnast arches his back and moves his arms and legs backward (in a position similar to the ‘hang position’ adopted in the long jump). This is an application of which of Newton’s Laws? Newton’s 3rd Law = For every Action there is an equal & opposite reaction

Somatotypes: Consider each of the following players Somatotypes: Consider each of the following players. For each player identify and explain an anatomical feature and biomechanical principle that could provide an advantage in tennis. Justine Henin smaller person; short levers; fast movements; quick about court; bring racquet through quickly; smaller person, less weight to carry about court 19. Serena Williams well developed muscles; creates power in shots 20. Maria Sharapova taller, slim person; longer levers to develop power & reach

Identify 3 immediate physiological responses to exercise during a game of 3 v 3 streetball. Sweating, Breathing rate Heart rate, vasodilation/vasoconstriction, shunting of blood to skin (cooling), SV, Q, Ventilation, Systolic BP, … For one of these responses, explain why this occurs.

You have been involved in a 6 week training programme for streetball You have been involved in a 6 week training programme for streetball. Describe 3 physiological changes that have occurred over this time. heart size, Resting Hr, SV, Q, Muscular Changes - muscle size, glycogen stores For one of these responses, explain why this occurs.

25. Look at the sequence of photos showing tennis serve 25. Look at the sequence of photos showing tennis serve. Describe how maximum force is generated in the serve. Develop power through large muscles of back & torso; followed by shoulder muscles; then smaller muscles of arm & wrist. Max power / force generated by using all muscle groups in correct sequence (larger to smaller), timing (develop power in sequential muscle groups when previous group is at peak)

What are the energy system(s) used in the following events / activities: Floor routine in gymnastics ATP –CP & anaerobic lactic acid system Goal kick ATP-CP Javelin ATP-CP 400m race ATP –CP & anaerobic lactic acid system

Explain the importance of each of the energy systems used: In a tennis match During a game of hockey