Chapter 7

 Regionally diverse by religion, economics, social organization  Common theme of education to strengthen morality, assist the growing economy, preserve the social order…a rationale far more practical than intellectual

I think schooling is most important to 1. Rake the scholars from the rubbish 2. Educate the many, but not too much

I believe Satan is 1. An outdated superstitious idea 2. Active in the affairs of humans 3. A working metaphor

 Old Deluder Satan Act of 1647…every town of 50 or more families to have a primary school and 100 or more families to have a Latin Grammar School

 By 1683 anyone with children under their guidance who had not learned to read and write by age twelve or learned a useful trade, was fined

 Dame schools  Primers…reading books to advance literacy and moral and religious lessons

 New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania…diversity of churches and languages and schools  Schools of Pennsylvania often taught in German…also many parochial schools run by Quakers

 Children of the plantation often had tutors, sometimes boarding schools

 Sons of wealthy landowners often schooled in England or Europe  Females often were taught the womanly arts  Poor whites and all African Americans unschooled

 Northwest Ordinance of 1785 required the Midwestern territories to set aside a section of land for education purposes…each township had a one-room school  Conscious effort to create a separate, American culture 

 Noah Webster…the Blue Backed Speller and Dictionary  Emphasis on the practical and the moral… “you must seek rather to be good than wise.”  Limited “book learning”

 Horace Mann…to create a system of common schools that are available, equal, and with an “educational purpose truly common to all.”  Utopian period of transcendentalists, abolitionists, feminists, reconstructionists

 School arguments appealed to “pocketbook” rationales: economic prosperity and social order  “Education beyond all other devices of human origin is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machinery.”  Non-sectarian Christianity…values common to all Christians

 Upgraded preparation for teachers, state funded post secondary institutions to train elementary teachers  First normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts in

 Age-based grades  Special preparation for principal teachers  The “egg crate” school building  The feminization of teaching…nurturing rather than mastery

 Amendment XIII abolishing slavery  Amendments XIV and XV granting African American males the rights and privileges of white males  But not the right to an equal or adequate education

 Plessy v. Ferguson

 Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois

 Abigail Adams to husband John in 1776  For women who did not marry and were financially independent, with Industrialization came new schools and academies for women  Emma Hart Willard…turn pampered women’s minds to social responsibility and good works  1848, Seneca Falls  1859, reliable condoms

 1890, National American Women’s Suffrage Association  1920, XIX Amendment, the right to vote  1972, Title IX of ESEA

 Several hundred treaties with Native American nations…including provisions for schooling  The goal of Christianizing the “savages”  Carlisle Indian Industrial School

 Indian Reorganization Act of 1934…moving toward a “new deal”  1975, Indian Self-Determination and Education act