PHOTOVOLTAICS Direct Conversion of Sunlight to Electricity David T Britton, NanoSciences Innovation Centre University of Cape Town Photovoltaic effect.

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Presentation transcript:

PHOTOVOLTAICS Direct Conversion of Sunlight to Electricity David T Britton, NanoSciences Innovation Centre University of Cape Town Photovoltaic effect Early (simple) solar cells: 1839 – Heterojunction solar cells: 1946 – principle of operation commercial solar cells and modules Distributed junction solar cells State of the Art?

PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT Photochemical Edmond Becquerel, Comptes Rendus 9, 561 – 567 (1839) Solid State W.G. Adams & R.E. Day, Proc Roy Soc Lond 25, (1876) Light generates free charges electrons and ions electrons and holes

Single homogeneous material between two contacts Diffusion/drift of charge to one electrode gives current Voltage is low SIMPLE SOLAR CELLS Becquerel 1839 Adams & Day 1876 illuminated electrode is cathode (photoresistors)

First thin film solar cell Charles Fritts 1882 Selenium with thin gold leaf front electrode, (transparent to green light) tin plated back electrode Am J. Sci 26, 465 – 482 (1883) PV discovered in Fritts cell by W. Siemens Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad.Wiss zu Berlin 1885 (I), Screen printed CdS, CdSe Y. T Sivhonen & S.G. Parker 1963, (Texas Instruments) US (1965) First fully printed silicon cell 2008 SIMPLE SOLAR CELLS (photoconductors)

HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS (photodiodes) electrons & holes produced in the junction electrons pulled to n-type layer holes puled to p-type layer Inbuilt electric field Anode and Cathode given by diode direction dark light Short circuit current j sc is from n to p Open circuit : charge collection gives V oc

Standard test conditions (IEC 6125) 1kW/m C AM1.5 sunlight spectrum 1 cm 2 cell Cell efficiency  : maximum electrical power out/ radiant energy in Module efficiency: useful power out/radiant energy in HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS Equivalent circuit Quantum Efficiency (QE) = number charge carriers/number of photons Internal quantum efficiency (IQE): only absorbed photons External quantum efficiency (EQE): all photons hitting the cell

Modern commercial solar cells Silicon pn junction cell (Bell Labs) 1941 R.S. Ohls, US Patent (1946) HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS First organic PV (OPV) cell D. Kearns & M, Calvin, J Chem. Phys 29, (1958) CrystallineThin film Thin film OPV, C.W. Tang, Appl Phys Lett 42, 183 – 185 (1985) GaAS solar cells 1970 Thin film a-Si:H (RCA 1976) Other geometries include tandem cells and graded junctions

DISTRIBUTED JUNCTION SOLAR CELLS Only one layer of mixed material More light reaches the junction Larger junction shorter distance for charge to travel Dye Sensitised Solar Cell (Photochemical) B. O’Regan & M. Grätzel, Nature 353, (1991) Polymer – fullerine blends (OPV) G. Yu, J. Gao, J.C. Humelen, F. Wudl, and A.J. Heeger Alan Heeger & Michael Grätzel are founders of Konarka

2010/06/14 Sharp 44.4% STATE OF THE ART? Other factors to discuss: Industrial scalability price per Wp cost per kWh Are they green?

Sharp Develops Concentrator Solar Cell with World's Highest Conversion Efficiency of 44.4% Sets New Record with Concentrator Triple-Junction Compound Solar Cell