Crafting a dissertation Ronan Fitzpatrick June 2007

Overview Structure of dissertation of individual chapters of chapter sections Content of dissertation of individual chapters of chapter sections Format

Life cycle

Cover page (Title and Author details) Certificate of own work Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures Abbreviations. Structure of dissertation - 1

Structure of dissertation - 2 Introduction chapter Dissertation chapters 2, 3, … n Your contribution chapter Validation/evaluation chapter Conclusion chapter References Appendix.

Structure of individual chapters Introduction Background Conclusion. Sub-sections

Structure of chapter sections A sentence or two to introduce the section Write the section Make any arguments or draw any conclusions at the end of the section.

Structure Keep in mind: Handholding and signposting for your readers Avoiding the ‘So What’ trap Building on each chapter deliverable as your dissertation advances.

How big/small is a chapter? Is 3 pages too small? If you have an Introduction and a Conclusion there won’t be much in between. Is a 3-page chapter appropriate to an MSc? Is 50 pages too big? Would it be better to have written two chapters? Is 50 pages half a dissertation? Structure of chapters

Structure Any questions on structure?

Overview of the dissertation Weave topics and keywords into an overview No citations Limit to one page. First thing to be read, last thing to be written. Content - Abstract

Institute and any funding body Supervisors and Lecturers Academics, practitioners and world experts Family, colleagues and friends. Content - Acknowledgements

Limit to three levels Use numbering (e.g., 5, 5.1, 5.1.1). Content – Table of Contents

By chapter Use chapter number in table and figure captions, e.g., Figure 7.4 is the fourth figure in Chapter 7. Note spellings of chapter (use the big C to refer to a specific chapter). Content – List of Tables and Figures

List all abbreviations with their full expression Always use full expression first in the text. Content - Abbreviations

This chapter explains what the dissertation is all about, why you are doing it, who would find the content interesting, how you went about things, when you did the work, where you did any special research, what you discovered, and how you’ve presented it in this dissertation document. Content – Introduction chapter

PESTLE W6h. Content – of a dissertation

Introduction Project background Project aim and objectives Project challenge (need, and intellectual) Reader audience Methodology Research program Project deliverables Structure of this dissertation Chapter conclusion. Content – Introduction chapter

Chapter 1 – Think about What the dissertation is about? Why are you doing it? Who are you doing the dissertation for? What value will it have for them? What is the challenge (problem) of the dissertation? How will your solution differ from existing solutions? Who else will the dissertation be of interest to? What value will it have for them?

How do you plan to do it? What do you hope to deliver at the end of the project? What will the timescale be? What you will gain from doing this dissertation? Any experimental or prototype work you have done Include the titles of your remaining chapters State what your dissertation will NOT do. Chapter 1 - Think about

Chapter Introduction W6h for the chapter Chapter signposting Chapter topic explained Literature review of chapter topic … Argument & Critique Deliverable Discussion (optional) Conclusion Summarise and draw conclusions. Content – Dissertation chapters 2, 3, … n Repeat to Chapter n

Building on chapter deliverables A synthesis of deliverables from each chapter Framework, model, method, set of guidelines, Critical Success Factors, checklist Proof of concept by prototype implementation. Content - Contribution chapter

Completing the circle Build a tool of criteria for evaluating your contribution Manual or electronic Return to Academic, practitioner or world expert for comment Incorporate findings and feedback. Content – Validation/evaluation chapter

Summary Summarise what you’ve done Restate Aim and objectives Emphasise your contribution State the benefits of your research State the difficulties you encountered Conclusions Emphasise your findings and conclusions Critique the current state of the art Comment on your own work Identify future work. Content – Conclusion chapter

A full list of all sources that you have cited in the text Alphabetical order Comply with the Institute standard for citation and referencing. Remember, the objective it to support future researchers who want to find your sources. Content - References

Include as necessary Supplemental information Don’t hide valuable research in the appendix. Content - Appendix

Based on seminal sources (hierarchy) Repeatable Dated/modern sources Depth & breadth Completeness of research Content balance Argument & critique - The ‘so what?’ factor. Content – Scholarly & Authoritive coverage

Domain vocabulary – Evidence of having researched and understood the domain. English language Colloquialisms Dodgysuspect or suspicious or irregular Fine/Greatimpressive or significant One One does not use one in one’s papers or one’s dissertation Etc. Gender-free. Content – Scholarly & Authoritive coverage

Examples are key to good explaining Include them regularly in order to clarify matters for your readers. If you don’t include them will your readers understand the points you make? is it because you don’t understand the points yourself? Use relevant examples. Chapter content - Examples

Content At MSc level: Literature review Must be accurate Must be complete Ethical practice applies Must not be plagiarised Data must be accurate and true (repeatable) Findings must be fully reported.

Content Any questions on content?

Page setup Font styles Heading styles and numbering Headers and footers Citations and references Lists, tables and figures Spelling and punctuation. Format

Top margin: Bottom margin: Left margin: Right margin: Paper size A4 Line spacing: 1½ lines. Format – Page setup

Times New Roman 24pt bold Chapter heading 5.1 Times New Roman 16pt bold first level heading - Numbered Times New Roman 14pt bold second level heading – Numbered Times New Roman 12pt bold third level heading – Numbered Times New Roman 12pt fourth level heading Use word processor functionality for automatic numbering. Format – Heading styles and numbering

Correct font style for computer code in a text document Format – Font styles

Use italic font and quotation marks to illustrate verbatim reporting, for example, Use a new line and indent. Format – Font styles " That's one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind." Armstrong, 1969

Different first page 1.25 from header edge 1.25 from footer edge Header Chapter title - Times New Roman 10pt italics Footer Page number 12pt. Format – Headers and footers

Citing research sources - 1 You MUST cite your sources Should you cite sources every time you make a statement? Should you cite sources at the end of a paragraph? Let your reader know that this is honest research and not plagiarism Don’t rely on just one source.

Example 1 There are numerous definitions of the term 'Data Mining' but the core concept behind them is the same, that data mining is the exploration and analysis of large quantities of data in order to discover meaningful patterns and rules (Berry, 2004). Citing research sources - 2

Alternative to example 1 There are numerous definitions of the term 'Data Mining' (Berry & LinHoff, 1997; Han & Kamber, 2000; Ng & Han, 2002; ISO/IEC , 2006 p12). However, Berry (2004) argues that the core concept behind them is the same, that is, data mining is the exploration and analysis of large quantities of data in order to discover meaningful patterns and rules. Citing research sources - 3

One problem THE seminal publication is missing i.e., Fayyad, U., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G. and Smyth, P. (1996) So, researchers need to accurately identify seminal sources and supervisors need to be very attentive to what’s written. Citing research sources - 4

(DeMarco, 1982; p3) (Schneidewind, 1992; Shepperd & Ince, 1993; Churcher & Shepperd, 1995; Fenton & Pfleeger, 1996) (Bevan, 1995; Ivory et al., 2001; ISO 9126, 2001). Format – Citations

DeMarco, T. (1982) Controlling Software Projects: Management, Measurement & Estimation, Yourdon Press, New York, USA, p3 Fenton, N.E. and Pfleeger, S.L. (1996) Software Metrics: A Rigorous and Practical Approach, International Thomson Computer Press, London, UK Ivory, M.Y., Sinha, R.R. and Hearst, M. (2001) Empirically Validated Web Page Design Metrics, in Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 3(1), p53-60 Format – References

Start a Reference file on the day you write your project proposal. Author surname, Initial(s), (Year) Title, Publication, Publisher, City, Country, Vol(Issue), Page numbers Use same format for Internet publications but add the date you access it.

Format – Lists, figures and tables Bullet or number list? Capital letter and full stop Research the topic Write the chapter Create a deliverable Draw conclusions. 1.Topic research 2.Write the chapter 3.Deliverable creation 4.Conclusions.

Figure – a diagram or illustration Caption below figure Consistent format for fonts, e.g., Figure 5.1 – This is the caption of Figure 5.1. Include chapter number in figure number Include the source of your illustration. Format – Lists, figures and tables

Table - contains data that can be processed mathematically ???? Caption above table Consistent format for fonts, e.g., Table 5.1 – This is the caption of Table 5.1. Include chapter number in table number. Format – Lists, figures and tables

Including tables and figures Must be referenced in the text (reference first, followed by the table or figure) Position the table or figure as close as possible to where it is first mentioned in the text Must be explained Don’t allow your reader to misinterpret your tables or figures or to remain ignorant about their content. You should explain them in full. Format – Lists, tables and figures

Example Fitzpatrick (2007) presents a life cycle for progressing MSc research as illustrated in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 – MSc Life cycle. (Fitzpatrick 2007) The Life cycle consists of ten elements …

Using the correct verb Another challenge that needs to be carried out

Consistent spelling, especially new technical words Apostrophe of possession Apostrophe of omission (avoid) Sentence length Question mark Quotation marks Full stop. Format – Spelling and punctuation

Do Write in the passive voice (e.g., the research was completed) Write gender-free text (try the plural) Include examples in order to clarify topics for your readers Use a consistent layout for bulleted lists, numbered lists, figure and table captions Use consistent spelling for new technical words For example, end-user, e-Commerce, Internet Keep your sentences to under twenty-two words Proof-read your work for typing errors Re-read your work for structure, meaning and clarity.

Don’t use the words, etc., one or one’s, basically or essentially Don’t write “this chapter will attempt to…” (Write “this chapter will”) Don’t write “As already stated...” (Write in “Section X.Y it was explained”) Don’t confuse it’s with its, or there with their or they’re Don’t rely only on a spellchecker Don’t use dialogue – avoid, Welcome to this report” "In a few moments I will explain" Don’t include clipart unless it is significant to your research Don’t be accused of plagiarising some one else’s research. Don’t

Make it easy for yourself Your supervisor has been through this process and has successfully produced a dissertation. That might be a good starting point for structure and content headings.

Do yourself justice Your dissertation will be available off the library shelf for many years to come, so, polish it and present it in its best light Avoid submitting a bag of unpolished diamonds.

Readings Truss, Lynne (2003) Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The zero tolerance approach to punctuation, Profile Books Ltd, London, England Fitzpatrick, R. and O'Donnell, K. (2003) Crafting a research paperCrafting a research paper & Publications

Conclusion Some thoughts on Structure of dissertation of individual chapters of chapter sections Content of dissertation of individual chapters of chapter sections Format

Questions.