STREAMFLOW and HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS Stream flow is one of the most important topics in engineering hydrology because it directly relate to water supply, flood control, reservoir design, navigation, irrigation, drainage, water quality, and others.

Stream Flow Measurements Serves as the basis for many water resources engineering designs Two approaches Measurement of water stage; Measurement of flow velocity Measurement of Water Stage Water stage: the elevation above some arbitrary datum of water surface at a station Types of Gages Measuring River Stage: Staff gage – vertical or inclined Suspended – weight gage Recording gage Crest – stage gage ( used to indicate high water mark) Misc (Table 1).

Figures of Stream Gauges

List of Stream Flow Measurement Methods

Stage-Discharge Relation When water stages are measured, we need additional information to estimate the flow rates (or discharges) Q H t Stage Hydrograph Stage-Discharge Curve or Rating Curve Discharge Hydrograph

Stage-Discharge Relation Typical relationship: Q = a(H +b)c The function relationship between H & Q has to be calibrated locally for different stations

Storage Hysterisis In natural rivers, the H-Q relationship in general appears to be a loop, rather than single-valued.

Devices for Flow Velocity Measurement Current Meters Cups Propellers V = a + bN where V = flow velocity; a = starting velocity to overcome mechanical friction; b = equipment calibration constant; N = revolutions/sec. Pitot Tubes: Suitable only for clean water Floats: Suitable for straight channel, V = L/T

Current Meters

Mean Flow Velocity Estimation Velocity Profile

Measurement of Stream Flow Discharge - 1 Stage – Discharge (Rating) Curve Mid-Section Method

Measurement of Stream Flow Discharge - 2 (c) Mean-Section Method

Measurement of Stream Flow Discharge - 3 (d) Area-Slope Method

Measurement of Stream Flow Discharge - 4

Hydraulic Structures for Discharge Measurement

Regime Theory W = aQb ; D = cQf ; V = kQm Q = VWD  ack = 1.0 subject to b+f+m = 1.0      Generally applicable up to mean annual discharge. For flows larger than the mean annual discharge, different relationships exist.

Extension of Rating Curve - During the event of large flood, it is impossible or impractical to measure discharge directly. More often than not, the flood stage goes beyond the range of the data range used to define the rating curve. Therefore, extrapolation of the ration curve is needed when water level is recorded below the lowest or above the highest level. - Large errors can result if the functional form of rating curve, Q = a(H+b)c, is extrapolated beyond the recorded gauge discharges without consideration of the cross-section geometry and controls - Graphical extension or by the fitted Q-H relationship is adequate only for small extension - For large extrapolation beyond the active channel cross-section, hydraulic formula can be used to estimate the stage-discharge relation.

Steven Extension Based on Chezy formula, with A = flow cross-section area; C = Chezy Coefficient; R = hydraulic radius, A/P; and S = channel slope.   For a given section, = constant whereas for a wide channel (W>10D) RD. Therefore,

Example (Extension of Rating Curve)