The Oceans Nov. 18 Topics Thermohaline circulation –SST; –ocean water masses Wind-driven circulation –Wind-driven upwelling –Surface currents Mundus Subterraneus.

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Presentation transcript:

The Oceans Nov. 18 Topics Thermohaline circulation –SST; –ocean water masses Wind-driven circulation –Wind-driven upwelling –Surface currents Mundus Subterraneus A. Kirchner, 1665

Temperature 0m Stephens et al., NOAA, 2002

Salt content of the oceans Source: leaching ions from crustal material. Global river dissolved load is ~0.1 ppt. Residence time: 10 8 yr Salinities for the open ocean fall in the range 33-38ppt (parts per thousand, mass per unit mass)

Salinity 0m

Water masses {sort of like air masses}

Arctic sea ice At 70N, Tromsö and Hammarfest ice-free year-round FebruarySeptember

Deepwater formation processes 1. preconditioning 2. Violent mixing 3. Sinking and spreading Where it happens

Zonal average Temperature and salinity Levitus, 1984 Temperature salinity

Transport units:

Spatial distribution of deep and bottom water masses (Lynne Talley, SIO)

Model of the overturning circulation Broecker, 1980s Reproduced in Ocean Circulation

Wind-driven circulation

Surface winds Trenberth et al., JPO, 1990

tropical winds, rain From Ocean Circulation and Climate (OCC)

Ekman transport

Transports associated with winds

Where water piles up:

Mean surface currents

Simulated sea surface temperature