Implementing Continuous Auditing in a Global Real Time Economy Miklos A. Vasarhelyi KPMG Professor of AIS Rutgers University Technology Consultant AT&T Laboratories

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 2 Outline The real time economy Going Global Measuring Business Assurance in the Global Real Time Economy Implementing Continuous Audit Opportunities and Challenges

The Real Time Economy

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 4 The real time economy The objective –Reduction of latency Inter-Process Latency Intra-Process Latency The facilitators –Sensors – measuring transactions automatically –ERPs –Process Automation –Dashboards –Reengineering, Outsourcing, System Integration

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 5 RTE Processes that are supported by real-time systems Processes which are monitored on a close to continuous basis Processes that are highly time dependent Processes where timely decisions give competitive advantage

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Going global

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 8 Going global - Preamble Over the last 50 years technology has enabled major motion towards a global economy. Consequently it has set into motion social change, economic rebalancing, and an unprecedented degree of across-country cooperation. However this phenomenon of ubiquitous consequence has created a wave of challenges to the socio-technical structure of business and corporate policy making.

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 9 Going Global - Friedman 11/09/1989 (Berlin Wall) 08/09/95 (Netscape went Public) Three billion new people joining the fray Work flow software Open sourcing Outsourcing, offshoring, In-forming Hardware & software multifuctionality Tools of cooperation

Measuring Business

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Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 12 RTEBIS Very rapid business cycles Instant need of resolution of certain business needs (for example monthly billing may not be acceptable) Service agreements that specify certain degree of data reliability Rapid change in the terms of agreements contingent on dynamic parameters Utilization of Service Oriented Architectures that allow for dynamic servicing of clients and dynamic acquisition of suppliers and service providers

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Assurance in the Global Real Time Economy

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 15 What is Continuous Auditing? o No consensus on what constitutes a continuous audit o Enhanced auditor skill set o Differences from traditional audit o New audit risk model o Continuous reporting and impact on auditor’s report o Senior management support

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 16 A Distinction between Continuous Auditing and Continuous Monitoring Continuous auditing does not necessarily have to generate a report; it is a process that tests transactions based upon prescribed criteria, identifies anomalies, and is the responsibility of the auditor. Continuous monitoring, on the other hand, is the responsibility of management, best defined in terms of the COSO Study control framework. Continuous monitoring, when employed by auditors, focuses on the control environment and not transactions.

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 17 An evolving continuous audit framework Automation Sensoring ERP E-Commerce Continuous Audit Continuous Control Monitoring Continuous Audit Data CA = CCM+ C(D)A CA -> Continuous Audit CCM -> Continuous Control Monitoring C(D)A -> Continuous Data Assurance

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 18 Unibanco – Advances to Clients Monitoring

Overview of CaR-Lab examples

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 20 CAR-Lab Experiences Control monitoring at Siemens Transaction monitoring at Unibanco Continuous (data) assurance at HCA Other –Conceptual developments –Simulating Liberty –EBR work –KPMG projects

Implementing Continuous Audit

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 22 Background –While technologies of continuous audit have been extensively discussed and are progressively emerging the more mundane issues of their implementation in a socio- technical environment have been neglected – features /feature-2/

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory Rule 5. Follow-up 1.Priority Areas 6. Action and Reaction 4. Parameterization 3. Frequency Audit Control Panel Six steps of process implementation

Opportunities and Challenges

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 25 Opportunities for business and research (1) Control system measurement –We are in a pre-paradigmatic stage of control documentation and measurement –We do not know how to monitor controls in large ERPs –We do not know how to provide a really supportable opinion on controls –We do not know how to rate combinations of controls Business Process Monitoring and Alarming –Auditors have to carve a position on the new monitoring and control environment –Auditors can collect exception “alarms” as trusted parties and incorporate these into evidentiary matter –Auditors can be “trusted”

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 26 Opportunities (2) Automatic Confirmation Tools –Confirmations will have an increased evidentiary role with eventual elimination of population and integrity worries –Intelligent confirmatory tags can do much –Database to database hand-shaking will be medium –Business opportunity for auditors Audit bots (agents) –Many of the basic audit functions can be emulated by software –These must be eventually developed by the profession to work hand-in- hand with human auditors in the new audit world –These agents will work on all areas including: 1) audit planning, 2) analytical reviews, 4) confirmations, and )5 evergreen opinions

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 27 Opportunities (3) Collecting forensic trails –Auditor “black” box Publishing real-time authenticated reports for different compliance masters Publishing FD independent compliance reports

Continuous Audit and Reporting Laboratory 28 Challenges Standards are needed for CA –Audit monitoring needs to be defined –Types of evidence are to change and must be reconsidered –Independence needs to be re-defined The billing model has to be restructured to bill on function not hours Audit firms must put improved knowledge collection and management processes to feed their audit analytic toolkit Audit firms have to engage in auditor automation and pro-actively promote corporate data collection during-the-process Value added must be justified in terms of data quality