Renewable Energy in Africa Status and Prospects AFREPREN/FWD

Overview Background on energy supply and consumption in Africa AFREPREN/FWD’s assessment of RETs development in Africa How the penetration of RETs could be improved

Background on energy supply and consumption in Africa

Energy Supply in Africa Africa produces less than 10% of the world’s energy supply Type Amount (Mtoe) Percentage Solar/wind/tide 0.058 0.01 Geothermal 0.680 0.06 Nuclear 3.300 0.30 Hydro 7.300 0.66 Petroleum Products 128.560 11.69 Gas 129.890 11.81 Coal 139.010 12.64 Biomass * 272.100 24.74 Crude Oil 418.780 38.08 Total 1,099.678 100.00 * Biomass refers to combustible renewables (mainly fuelwood, charcoal and agro-residues) and waste Source: IEA, 2005

Energy Consumption in Africa * Biomass refers to combustible renewables (mainly fuelwood, charcoal and agro-residues) and waste Source: IEA, 2005

African Energy Sector – 3 distinct regions North Africa – oil and gas sub-region South Africa – coal sub-region Sub-Saharan Africa – biomass region

Population With No Electricity (Millions) A few successes (Ghana, Mauritius, S. Africa, Zimbabwe)

Status of Renewables in Africa Africa is endowed with substantial renewable energy resources

AFREPREN/FWD’s assessment of RETs development in Africa

Emphasis on Conventional Energy Options Higher proportion of funding allocated to conventional energy sector - large-scale hydro and petroleum Ethiopia: Virtually entire energy budget allocated to conventional large scale investments Smaller scale renewables largely left out (even dominant biomass is ignored) Results – contributes to low levels of access to modern energy which, in turn, contribute to increased poverty

Energy Pyramid Need for Better Balance

Why Promote Renewables in Africa? Implications for the Poor Significant energy resource potential exists Conventional energy supply unreliable and not reaching the poor Enhance competitiveness of agro-industries Job creation potential

Estimated Job Creation Potential Energy Option Construction, manufacturing and installation (Employees/MW) Operation and maintenance (Employees/MW) Total Employment (Employees/MW) Geothermal 4.00 1.70 5.70 Wind 2.51 0.27 2.78 Natural gas 1.00 0.10 1.10 Coal 0.74 1.01

Energy as % of Cost of Production

How Can Penetration of Renewable Energy in Africa be Improved?

How Can Penetration of RE be Improved? Rationale for promoting renewables not well argued Climate change and environmental concerns not applicable in Africa Solid rationale for promoting renewables : Enhancing modern energy access to the poor Availability of plentiful and cost-competitive renewables (hydro & geothermal) Ability to provide cost-competitive energy services to remote rural settlements Significant job and enterprise creation potential Increased attention towards non-electrical RETs

Non-electrical Options for Poverty Alleviation Low cost but more efficient biomass-based combustion Improved cookstoves (household and institutional) Efficient charcoal kilns, brick making kilns fish smokers, tea dryers and wood dryers Pico and micro hydro for shaft power Can be used to process agricultural produce, increase its value and pump water for irrigation Low cost efficient tools and equipment using human or animal energy Increase the agricultural productivity of the rural poor E.g Treadle pumps for small-scale irrigation

Non-electrical Options Solar dryers Can lower post-harvest losses and enable the rural farmers market their produce when prices are higher Solar water pasteurizers Provide clean potable water and reduce water borne diseases, which translates to increased availability of labor and thus increases agricultural output Solar water heaters Significant reduction in electricity load for heating water, and significant potential for local manufacture and assembly

Case Study: Treadle Irrigation Pump Simple, low-cost pumping technologies for irrigation and water supply Use in irrigation increases incomes of rural farmers by over ten-fold 45,000 pumps in use by poor farmers in Kenya and Tanzania 29,000 new waged jobs created 70% of pumps managed by women 4 manufacturers in the region, with over 200 retailers selling pumps in Kenya, Tanzania and Mali

Case Study: Windpump for Water Supply in Remote Rural Areas

Case Study: Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko One of the most successful stove projects in Africa Made of metal cladding with a wide base and a ceramic liner (safer to use - cooler on the outside) In use in about 100% of urban households in Kenya (16% of rural homes) 2.6 million stoves in use in Kenya alone (cumulative production now over 15 million) Fully self-sustaining using locally produced materials and skills – generated jobs & new enterprises Reduces charcoal consumption by 30-50%

Case Study: Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko KCJ in use in Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, Zambia, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi & Senegal Being introduced in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Ghana and Madagascar

Thank You Contacts AFREPREN/FWD Elgeyo Marakwet Close, Kilimani P. O. Box 30979, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 3866032/3871467 Fax: +254 20 3861464/3876470/3740524 E-mail: afrepren@africaonline.co.ke Website: www.afrepren.org