(TSINGHUA － GAMMON ） CONSTRUCTION SAFETY RESEARCH CENTER COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SAFETY AND APPLICATION OF BAMBOO AND METAL SCAFFOLDINGS IN HONG KONG Fang Dongping,Wu Shenghou,Hua Bin and John Wong Tsinghua University and Gammon Construction Co Ltd

BACKGROUND Market  Bamboo Scaffolding: More than 90% Market Share  Metal Scaffolding: Less than 10% Market Share Safety Performance Attitude of the public – safer Attitude of Contractors – cheaper

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Bamboo Scaffolding related Accidents

Types of work being carried out No. of workers died percentages Non-scaffolding workers on scaffolding, no working platform 4636% Erection of scaffolding 3125% Dismantling of scaffolding 2722% Non-scaffolding workers on working platform of scaffolding 1714% Repair of scaffolding 22% Alteration of scaffolding 11%

OBJECTIVES   For Government – Policy making   For Contractors – Decision making

RESEARCH FRAME

RESEARCH CONTENT SAFETY PERFORMANCE SAFETY PERFORMANCE Hazard Analysis － safety officers, scaffolders and workers (194) Hazard Analysis － safety officers, scaffolders and workers (194) AHP – professionals in scaffolding (engineers, ASD and CITA) (20) AHP – professionals in scaffolding (engineers, ASD and CITA) (20) Experimental Psychology – un-experienced students as examinants Experimental Psychology – un-experienced students as examinants ECONOMICAL EFFECTIVENES ECONOMICAL EFFECTIVENES Contractors, suppliers (14) and projects (6) Contractors, suppliers (14) and projects (6) SYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENT SYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENT Project Managers(23/30) Project Managers(23/30)

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Safety Performance Assessment Hazard Analysis Hazard Analysis  Theory foundation H=F×P×C H=F×P×C where ： F—frequency of being broken where ： F—frequency of being broken P—probability of being broken P—probability of being broken C—consequencies C—consequencies  Information sources Survey—Workers (scaffolders and non- scaffolders), Safety officers Survey—Workers (scaffolders and non- scaffolders), Safety officers

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Safety Performance Assessment AHP AHP  Theoretical foundation  Information sources Survey—Engineers in Scaffolding, safety professionals, Survey—Engineers in Scaffolding, safety professionals, Instructors from CITA Instructors from CITA Complex problem judgment feeling logic structure of AHP

SAFETY PERFORMANCE — Safety Performance Assessment Conclusions Conclusions  Hazard analysis Risk － Metal 0.32; Bamboo 0.68 Risk － Metal 0.32; Bamboo 0.68  AHP Risk － Metal 0.39; Bamboo 0.61 Risk － Metal 0.39; Bamboo 0.61

SYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENT — Objective The study takes the two major aspects and other factors such as construction quality and company’s images into consideration to assess these two kinds of scaffolding synthetically, so as to provide foundational information for the government to enact relevant policies and for contractors to choose scaffolding. Safety Performance Safety Performance Economic Effectiveness Economic Effectiveness Construction quality and company’s images, etc. Construction quality and company’s images, etc.

SYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENT — Methodology

SYNTHETICAL ASSESSMENT — Conclusions Risk rating Risk rating Metal scaffolding Metal scaffolding Bamboo scaffolding Bamboo scaffolding 0.783

CONCLUSIONS Metal scaffolding should be encouraged for safety concern. Metal scaffolding should be encouraged for safety concern. The erection and use of bamboo scaffolding should be better supervised due to its poor safety performance. The erection and use of bamboo scaffolding should be better supervised due to its poor safety performance. Contractors may make their own decisions by following the proposed procedure. Contractors may make their own decisions by following the proposed procedure.

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Workplace Safety Evaluation Based on Experimental Psychology Dr. FANG Dongping Department of Construction Management, School of Civil Engineering Tsinghua University, Beijing

OBJECTIVES Comparing human’s physiological and psychological reactions in different working conditions. Comparing human’s physiological and psychological reactions in different working conditions.  Bamboo and Metal Scaffoldings as a case.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT Measurement Measurement  Four indexes  Pulse  Pectoral Breathe  Ventral Breathe  Electrodermal Response  Equipments  Polygraph  Computer

Benchmark Group

Bamboo Scaffolding Group

Metal Scaffolding Group

ANALYSIS Pulse Pulse  80-Order AR Model  Burg Method – Power Spectrum

ANALYSIS Pectoral breathe and ventral breathe Pectoral breathe and ventral breathe  20-Order AR Model  Yule-Walker Method - Power Spectrum Electrodermal Response Electrodermal Response

LIMITATIONS  The equipments used in this experiment couldn't record the absolute value of the signals.

CONCLUSIONS The change of the pulse frequency* The change of the pulse frequency* Group The Change of the Pulse (Beats per minute) Bamboo Group 7.9 Metal Group 4.3 Benchmark Group 2.8 * 3 beats per minute is the critical value (TIAN Xiuliang, 1996) * Pulse frequency would rise under tension (YANG Zhiliang, 1990 )

CONCLUSIONS The change in pulse rate in the bamboo group is significant, suggesting a fluctuation of emotion The change in pulse rate in the bamboo group is significant, suggesting a fluctuation of emotion The change of the metal group is not significant at the same level, indicating less fluctuation of emotion The change of the metal group is not significant at the same level, indicating less fluctuation of emotion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Works Bureau of Hong Kong Works Bureau of Hong Kong Gammon Construction Ltd. Wei Loong Scaffolding Works Co. Ltd. AES Scaffolding Engineering Ltd. Gammon Construction Ltd. Wei Loong Scaffolding Works Co. Ltd. AES Scaffolding Engineering Ltd. Tsinghua Tongfang Electronic Co. Ltd. Tsinghua Tongfang Electronic Co. Ltd. Professor Francis Wong, Professor Albert Kwok, Professor S.W. Poon Professor Francis Wong, Professor Albert Kwok, Professor S.W. Poon National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number ) National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number ) Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant number ). Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant number ).

Workplace Safety Evaluation Based on Experimental Psychology Thanks Thanks 谢谢 谢谢