Dr Rakesh Dubey Director Disaster Management Institute Bhopal Hazards Identification and Risk Assessment And On-site and off-site Emergency Management Plans

Hazardous gases/liquids in Indian Industries LPG, Propane ( under pressure in liquid phase) Ammonia ( under pressure/refrigeration in liquid phase) Chlorine ( under pressure in liquid phase ) Hydrogen ( under pressure in gases)

Causality chain Emission Environmental distribution Exposure Effects MODELLING or MONITORING

Sources Source types Source types: Point sources Line sources Diffuse sources

Types of Emissions Continuous emissions Intermittent emissionsPeak emissionsBlock emissions

Spatial scales Local scale Local scale Area around one point source Area around one point source Average environmental characteristics Average environmental characteristics “ Reasonable worst case ” scenario “ Reasonable worst case ” scenario Regional scale Regional scale Area of 200 x 200 km Area of 200 x 200 km 20 million inhabitants 20 million inhabitants 100 or 10% of production 100 or 10% of production Average environmental characteristics Average environmental characteristics

Key Points: RAIN! R ecognize A void I solate N otify What can I do?

Recognize Unusual Activity / Behavior Hazardous weather conditions Things out of place Unexplained liquids Strange smells Abnormal fogs or mists Suspicious Packages ?

Avoid What Do I Stay Away From? Don’t assume anything Don’t become a victim Don’t rush in Don’t TEST (Taste, Eat, Smell, Touch) The 4 Don’ts

Isolate Keep others away from hazard area

Notify Immediate Supervisor Hospital Emergency Phone Number Remember RAIN! Recognize, Avoid, Isolate, Notify

RAIN! Example #1 Recognize: Suspicious Package Avoid: Do not touch object Isolate: Contain the area & keep others away from hazard area Notify: Call for help

RAIN! Example #2 Recognize: Chemical Spill Avoid: Do not touch, taste, or smell Isolate: Contain the scene & keep others away from hazard area Notify: Call for help

Industrial Disaster Management Cycle: OECD

What to do? How to do? Is there any way exists?

Disaster Management Planning both on- site (Schedule 11) and off-site (Schedule 12) of MS&IHC Rules 1989 of EPA 1986 with following components: A. Risk Assessment & Management B. Emergency Preparedness C. Community Dialogue

Part one Disaster Impact Assessment Toxic release, heat fluxes, pressure waves

Risk Assessment & Management 1. evaluate range of potential incidents (without considering possible causes) 2. put mitigation in place for foreseeable ones 3. evaluate community consequences for range of incidents,

a) credible worst case - largest tank or worst failure consequence - reasonable duration of release - passive mitigation in effect - credible worst weather b) worst imaginable case - largest tank or worst failure consequence - worst possible duration or release - no mitigation - worst possible weather

Reliability Risk Assessment Risk Based Maintenance Planning Risk estimation Hazard identification Quantitative Hazard Assessment Probabilistic Hazard Assessment Risk Quantification Risk evaluation Setting up risk acceptance criteria Risk comparison Maintenance planning

Hazard identification Accident scenario development Fault tree development Quantitative hazard assessment Probabilistic hazard assessment Consequences analysis Fault tree analysis Risk estimation Whether risk is in acceptance? Suggest maintenance measures to control risk Apply maintenance measures and re- evaluate risk No End Yes Start Fault tree for the envisaged scenario What may go wrong? What would be the impacts? How it may go wrong? How likely its occurrence? What maintenance schedule would reduce its likelihood of occurrence?

Storage Conditions Atmospheric Storage Pressure Storage Fully Refrigerated Storage Semi-Refrigerated Storage Gas Under Pressure Which condition is leading to significant impacts

On-site Risk Off-site Risk

Hazards identification : Materials, process, regulatory, Consequence of hazards Likely hood of consequences Frequency of occurrence Calculation of Risk Decision for weighing alternatives

Part two Preparedness, Planning, Response

By putting prevention techniques Through planning By response plans Through mitigation Education and awareness Best practices

ALARP

ALARP means ‘As Low As Reasonable Practicable’ ALARP demonstration means: To demonstrate that the project & associated systems and HSEMS will enable the facility to be operated & maintained safely such that residual risks to HSE are tolerable

Good practices Technical approaches

Management review

Transport Sector

How plan should be made more use full for Top Management Communication

Living with the risks with continuous improvement: UN ’ s Statement of 2 nd WCDR Kobe Japan

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