CRed Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership Can UEA become Carbon Neutral? Keith Tovey (Н.К.Тови 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK Факультет экологических исследований, Университета Восточной Англии, Норидж NR4 7TJ, Великобритания. 汇丰银行低碳创新主管, 东英吉利大学环境科学院，诺威治, NR4 7TJ, 英国 CRed

Can UEA become Carbon Neutral? How do we define carbon neutrality? Can we be sure that ultimately we achieve such an aim? What should we consider? With the School of Environmental Sciences (a 5** department), can we be sure that our analysis avoids criticism? What is extent of carbon footprint at present? What our boundaries? How should we tackle carbon neutrality? Do we need independent verification? 2

CRed Gas consumption –Central Heating Boilers –CHP generation –Cooking / laboratories –Other sites –Village, NAM, remotely heated buildings (EFRY) Heating Oil consumption – (backup for boilers) Electricity Consumption Transport What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present? Where is Energy used?

CRed Gas, Oil and Electricity Consumption on Campus How do we track how we are getting on? What about expansion? - should we track our performance on a student unit basis?. - [would allow comparison with other similar institutions]. What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present? What Boundaries should we use? What should be included? teaching and communal areas what about residences ?? Transport? activities associated with UEA how are these defined? What if there is no documentary evidence of travel - e.g. activities paid for by other bodies: Government: British Council etc. transport to and from home of workforce?? Procurement equipment purchased food and drink consumed on premises

CRed How Could / Should Carbon Neutrality be achieved? Conversion efficiency improvements Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass Travel plan: Park and Ride, biodiesel Conservation: technical improvements – Conservation: by awareness raising Green Electricity Direct Action Indirect Action Other Offsets Gold Standard Offsets Indirect Activities - Can these count? Planting Trees Conservation: management improvements – What if we install renewable electricity generation and sell the ROCs? We could not then claim this action as carbon neutrality? – double counting

CRed Results of the “Big Switch- Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings? Target Day Conservation: by awareness raising BUT

CRed Spot lights ON in ENV FOYER 24 th October 2005 Next to window Provide no extra light Reception Staff are aware Cannot be switched off except from within Office Cause emission of 400 kg of CO 2 a year. Conservation: by awareness raising Switch has now been taped to prevent it being turned on

CRed The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Conservation: technical improvements – 8 Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale.

CRed Quadruple Glazing Thick Insulation Air circulates through whole fabric of building Principle of Operation Quadruple Glazing Thick Insulation Air circulates through whole fabric of building Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature Principle of Operation

CRed Heater Diffuser Supply duct to hollow core slabs Two channel regenerative heat exchanger Floor Slabs Incoming Air Exhaust Air Filter Exhaust Air from rooms Principle of TermoDeck Operation Air is circulated through whole fabric of building Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers ~ 87% efficient Air is circulated through whole fabric of building

CRed Conservation: management improvements – Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. thermal comfort +28% User Satisfaction noise +26% lighting +25% air quality +36% A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

CRed Conservation: management improvements – On rewiring - control for lighting in yellow corridor was solely provided by red switch. Reluctantly contractors agreed to fit blue switch as an afterthought The Green Corridor The Yellow Corridor 13 Lack of co-ordination can make things go wrong

CRed Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass 34 kW Photo-Voltaic array – exports electricity on summer Weekends Plans for 2 (3?) 1.5 MW Turbines: 1.5 MW Biomass CHP / Trigeneration

CRed Renewable generation: Solar Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach Peak output is 34 kW 15

CRed Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat GAS Engine heat Exchanger Exhaust Heat Exchanger 11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses 86% efficient Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly Conversion efficiency improvements 61% Flue Losses 36% efficient

CRed Conversion efficiency improvements 1997/98 electricitygas oilTotal MWh Emission factorkg/kWh Carbon dioxideTonnes ElectricityHeat 1999/ 2000 Total site CHP generation exportimportboilersCHPoiltotal MWh Emission factor kg/kWh CO 2 Tonnes Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

CRed Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

CRed Conversion efficiency improvements Condenser Evaporator Throttle Valve Heat rejected Heat extracted for cooling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat from external source Absorber Desorber Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 Normal Chilling Compressor Adsorption Chilling 19

CRed A 1 MW Adsorption chiller 1 MW 吸附冷却器 The Adsorption chiller will save around 700 tonnes CO 2 吸附冷却器可为东滩提供空调系统 每一个可减少排放 700 吨 CO 2

CRed Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer Will reduce electricity demand in summer Will increase electricity generated locally Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually Conversion efficiency improvements BUT EU – ETS will penalise us for this!!!!!!!! Allocations based on recent historic performance Penalises early action Penalises greater utility (and hence efficiency) of plant we will emit more CO 2 locally but save overall Allocation should be based on unit of performance Present system rewards the less efficient plant

CRed How Green is Green Electricity? Renewable Compliance by ROCsRenewable Compliance by Buy-Out 93.2% of Renewable Obligation is met by Major Suppliers: 55.8% by ROCs Data from OFGEM Annual Report Feb: 2005

CRed How Green is Green Electricity?

CRed How Green is Green Electricity?

CRed OnlineROC RegisterWind farmkWTurbines MW Capacity DeveloperOperatorOwner November 2004 R00138RQEN Bambers Farm/ Mablethorpe II Ecotricity July 2004 R00131RQENFord Motors Ecotricity July 2003 R00126RQEN Swaffham Extension Ecotricity June 2002 R00055RQENMablethorpe Ecotricity April 2001 R00016SQSC Sainsburys, Langlands Park Ecotricity Sainsburys July 2000 R00029RQENSomerton Ecotricity August 1999 R00027RQENEco Tech Centre Ecotricity December 1996 R00028RQENLynch Knoll Ecotricity Accreditation IDStart NumberEnd NumberNo. ROCsMonthDate IssuedStatus Registered Holder R00131RQEN /07/200408/11/ :30RedeemedLONDELEC R00126RQEN /07/200427/10/ :39RedeemedLONDELEC R00055RQEN /07/200427/10/ :39RedeemedLONDELEC R00016SQSC /07/200427/10/ :39RedeemedLONDELEC R00029RQEN /07/200427/10/ :39RedeemedLONDELEC R00027RQEN /07/200427/10/ :39RedeemedLONDELEC R00028RQEN /07/200427/10/ :39RedeemedLONDELEC How Green is Green Electricity? Data for Ecotricity Wind Farms Data for July 2004

CRed UEA needs to clearly define what it means by Carbon Neutrality. Boundaries of our consideration need to be addressed. Significant steps have been taken already. Further renewable energy projects are planned. BUT we need to Make awareness more effective. Further enhance Management issues. Tackle transport both institutionally and by the individual. Consider methodology for transport analysis Think carefully about Green Electricity Tariffs Conclusions Lao Tzu ( BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."