Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network (Raksha Kavach TM ) … A Train Collision Prevention System (TCPS) Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, IRSSE Chief Signal & Telecommunication Engineer Konkan Railway Corporation Limited, India International Railway Safety Conference Goa 2007

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 2 Coverage Why ACD ? Expectations from ACD What is ‘ACD Network’ ? Installation of ACD Network Working of ‘ACD Network’ ACD Implementation in India ACD Network … A Train Collision Prevention System (TCPS)

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 3 Why Anti-Collision Device (ACD) needed ? Railway operations today have a ‘limitation’ of ‘single point’ failure which is built in Driver’s human actions At Station – Driver’s failure to either ‘read correct aspect’ or ‘signal itself showing a wrong aspect’ can lead to a Collision! In Mid-section - Driver does not know in ‘advance’ whether – –A Train is ahead on ‘same’ Track and ‘approaching’ his Train –A Train is on ‘adjacent’ Track and infringing his Track, may be after ‘derailing’ and/or ‘parting / jumbling’ –A ‘Non-Interlocked’ Level crossing Gate is in ‘open’ condition Except what he can see ‘himself’ - to prevent a Collision!

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 4 ‘Prompted’ Konkan Railway to Develop Anti-Collision Device in Aug 1999

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 5 Expectations from ‘ACD Network’ Elimination of ‘Human Error’ (No User inputs for Operations) Design to be ‘Universally Acceptable’ on Railways, namely –‘Compatible’ with different types of Signaling systems –‘Adaptable’ in both ‘Diesel’ and ‘Electric’ Tractions –‘Workable’ in Single, Double & Multiple lines sections –‘Suitable’ for existing ‘Train Working Rules’ –No ‘positive’ indication to driver for Train Operations –‘Available’ for Train Collision Prevention ‘Globally’ whereas decisions for braking taken ‘Locally’ (continue..)

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 6 Expectations from ‘ACD Network’ (contd..) Design to be ‘Universally Acceptable’ on Railways, namely –‘Maintainable’ (wireless communication, easy to install, customize, configure, test, commission, repair/replace) –No ‘track based’ inputs in mid-section –Limited ‘point detection’ & ‘main line track circuits’ based inputs at stations (for preventing collision with ‘stabled train load’ –‘Durable’ (Even when failure occurs the impact is local) –‘Reliable’ in operation (shall not fail to ‘automatically’ apply brakes when it is supposed to prevent collision and shall not also ‘unnecessarily’ apply brakes)

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 7 ACD Network … A Train Collision Prevention System (TCPS) What is ‘ACD Network’(Raksha Kavach TM ) ?

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 8 ‘ACD Network’ - Definition ‘ACD Network’ is made of ‘self-acting’, computer based radio communication devices called ‘Anti-Collision Devices’ (ACDs) When Collision is perceived, it ‘automatically’ applies brakes to Trains, thereby protecting the ‘Traveling Public’ from ‘dangerous’ Collision or minimizing the extent of damages that may be caused due to a Collision It also ‘Warns’ Road Users ‘in advance’ of an approaching Train at a Level Crossing.

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 9

10 ABU ACD Installation of Loco ACD - Driver’s Cab – Diesel Loco Driver’s Console

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 11 Loco ACD - Normal Working Both the Trains travelling on their respective lines in Block section – No action by ACD L G : 2 6 Driver’s Console Self Loco ACD-ID Self Guard ACD - ID Indian Standard Time (GMT hrs)

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 12 ‘Portable’ Guard ACD for Passenger Train Size: 210 x 235 x 130 mm Weight: 6.02 Kg

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 13 Guard ACD fitted in Brake Van of Passenger Train

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 14 Portable Guard ACD placed on roof-top of Brake Van of a Freight Train Remote ‘SOS’ of Guard (with Key Chain)

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 15 Station ACD [Fitted at a Station & linked to Signalling circuits] Size: 360 x 350 x 240 mm Weight: 14 Kg Size: 165 x 175 x 160 mm Weight: 2 Kg

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 16 Station ACD - Normal Working When no event is observed by Station ACD – ‘AAAA’ represents the Station Code A A A A S T N 1 9 : 2 6 Station Master’s Console Station Code (‘AAAA”)

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 17 Gate ACD (Manned Level Crossing ) [with Boom Locking Arrangement] Size – 250x 270 x 110 mm, Weight - 5 Kg Lifting Barrier Close/Open Sensing Switch Boom Locking Sensing Switch

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 18 Antenna Solar Panel Hooter& Flasher Anti-theft arrangement Location Box Tower – 12 m Gate ACD (Un-Manned LC) Size – 250 x 270 x 110 mm Weight - 5 Kg

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 19 ACD on a Train uses GPS for Location Determination Constellation of 27 [‘24’ + ‘3’ (spare)] Global Position System (GPS) Satellites formed around the ‘Earth’ ‘Four’ satellites needed to be in view of GPS Receiver Time Stamp (Date & GMT), and other data given by GPS Receiver using ‘Triangulation method’ per second, as under: –Location (Latitude, Longitude) –‘Course Angle’ of Travel (w.r.t. to true ‘North’ of Earth), Basis for identification of change of Track, by a Train –Speed (in knots)

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 20 GPS Satellites UHF Data Radio Modem GPS Receiver Working of “on-board” ACDs Receive inputs from satellites, communicate with each other using radio modems & use intelligence to act – To prevent ‘dangerous’ Collisions ACDs have Knowledge Embedded Intelligence Inter-ACD Radio Communication Loco

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 21 ACD Network mainly takes ‘Track-ID’ based decisions Station Track-ID (TID) Plan (Stored in a ‘Station ACD’) P3 P2 P17 P8 P24 P20 P22 TID=16 P26 P25 P23 P21 P19 P18 P12 P11 P7 P6 P4 P1 P5 TID=15 TID=17 TID=14 TID=18 Database of TID Plans of Stations, GPS shadow zones, Level Crossings and Repeaters on ACD Routes are stored in memory of ‘Loco’ & ‘Guard’ ACDs

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 22 Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 1 On Points & Crossing – Deviation Count Theory (patented by KRCL) ‘Point Zone’ is defined between ‘A’ and ‘B’ on the track. Even with a location ‘inaccuracy’ of 25 metres, the Loco/Guard ACD will not miss the beginning of ‘Point Zone’ Inside the ‘Point Zone, ‘reversal’ of Angle of travel decides the change in ‘Track-ID’ of Loco ACD and Guard ACD, as the case may be. 5 m 25 m ‘Point Zone’ connecting ‘Main Line’ to ‘Loop Line’ No change in Angle 3 deg ‘change’ in angle 3 deg ‘Reversal’ of Angle A A (Lat, Lon) TID = 15 TID = 16 B B (Lat, Lon)

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 23 In case of negotiating a points and crossing zone where DCT is ‘non-workable’, the points position ( i.e. ‘Normal’ or ‘Reverse’ read from signaling circuits), radiated by Station ACD would enable Loco ACD and Guard ACD to ‘auto-deduce’ the change of their ‘Track-ID’, after coming out of DPXZ. Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 2 On Dead Points & Crossing Zones (DPXZ) – where ‘DCT’ non workable Signaling Relay Room Station ACD TID = 15 TID = 16

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 24 Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 3 Track-ID (TID) Assignment – While Leaving a Station – SINGLE LINE SECTION TID = 15 TID = 16 T1 TID = 14 In case of Single line section, the ‘UNIQUE’ Track-ID of the section would be forced on Loco ACD and Guard ACD of a train, while leaving the Station

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 25 In case of Double line section, the ‘valid’ Track-ID of the section would be communicated by Station ACD to Loco ACD of train while leaving the Station, based on occupation of ‘two consecutive’ track circuits at dispatch end. Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 4 Track-ID (TID) Assignment – While Leaving a Station – DOUBLE LINES SECTION TID = 15 TID = 16 T1 TID = 14 TID = 17 Track Ckts.

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 26 In case of Multiple lines section, two consecutive track based RF Tags (provided at the dispatch ends of station) are read by Loco ACD with the help of by ‘RF Tag Reader’, fitted in the under frame of Locomotive Deduction of Change in ‘Track-ID’ by Train bound ACDs - 5 Track-ID (TID) Assignment – While Leaving a Station – MULTIPLE LINES SECTION T1 RF Tags TID = 15 TID = 16 TID = 14 TID = 17 RF Tags

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 27 Initialization of ACD fitted Train At Train originating Station, Guard ACD is loaded and switched ‘on’. As soon as Train starts, Loco ACD will identify ‘automatically’ its Guard ACD and radiate its ‘Guard ACD – ID’. On receipt of data packet from a Loco ACD containing its ‘ACD-ID’, the Guard ACD will assume the ‘Loco ACD-ID’ and ‘Track-ID’ of that Loco ACD, thus forming a ‘CYBER’ Train. Loco ACD will conduct an ‘Auto Brake Test’ (ABT), moment its speed becomes 50 Km/hr and reduce it by 20 Km/hr to deduce the ‘braking characteristics’ of its Train ACD fitted train would now apply brakes based on its braking capacity, whenever a collision-like situation is perceived.

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 28 Prevention of Collision in ‘Mid-section’ - 1 Prevention of ‘Head- on’ Collision TID =11 TID =12 T1 T2 Prevention of ‘Rear- end’ Collision TID =11 TID =12 T1T2

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 29 Prevention of Collision in ‘Mid-section’ - 2 Prevention of ‘Side’ Collision TID =11 TID =12 Stationary (might have derailed) T1 T2 Prevention of ‘Side’ Collision TID =11 TID =12 Train Parted, Derailed & Infringing Adjacent Track T1 T2

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 30 Prevention of Collision at Level Crossing Manned Level Crossing (Open) TID =11 TID =12 ‘Hooter’ / ‘Flasher’ to give ‘Train Approach’ Warning to Road Users T1 Lifting Barrier Gate TID =11 TID =12 T1 Road ‘Hooter’ / ‘Flasher’ to give ‘Train Approach’ Warning to Road Users Un-Manned Level Crossing

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 31 Prevention of Collision in Station Area -1 Prevention of ‘Head-on’ or ‘Rear-end’ Collision TID =11 TID =12 TID =10 T1T2 ‘Station Approach’ Warning to Driver TID =11 TID =12 T1 Station

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 32 Prevention of Collision in Station Area - 2 Prevention of High speed Collision with Train on Loop Line (RNSML) TID =11 TID =12 TID =10 T1 T2 TID =12 Prevention of Collision with ‘Stabled’ Load on Main Line TID =11 TID =10 T1 SL

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 33 Prevention of Collision in Station Area - 3 Prevention of Collision due to ‘Fouling’ (Multiple Lines) TID =11 TID =12 TID =10 TID =13 T1 T2 Prevention of Collision due to ‘Fouling’ TID =11 TID =12 TID =10 T1 T2

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 34 ‘128’ Train Collisions in FIVE Years on Indian Railways Analyzed by Rly Board (with RDSO & KRCL) – (April 1997 to January 2002) 23 (18%)1310Total Side Collision Rear-end Collision Head-on Collision1 TotalStationMid-Sec.‘Non-Preventable’ by ACDSr 105 (82%)6045Total Side Collision Rear-end Collision Head-on Collision1 TotalStationMid-Sec.‘Preventable’ by ACDSr

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 35 Train Collision Scenarios: ‘Non-Preventable’ by ACD ‘Adequate’ braking distance at that speed is not available when a ‘dangerous’ collision-like situation arises suddenly Train derails and its wagons/coaches dash with another Train, already on ‘adjacent’ track Overshooting of ‘Fouling Mark’ by a Train on main line ‘Failure’ of brake power of Locomotive due to any reason Rolling backward/forward of a ‘Stabled load’ Other train is a ‘NON’ ACD Train

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 36 ACD Project ‘Corporate Safety Plan’ ( ), Indian Railways Balance ‘ACD Works’ covering 52,600 Route Kms over Indian Railways ‘ACD Works’ already sanctioned on 3,419 Route Kms over Indian Railways 1 Target for Completion DescriptionSr

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 37 Total Provision of ACDs Northeast Frontier Rly & Konkan Rly ACD Project onReq.SpareTot NF Railway 1, ,508 Konkan Railway Total 2, ,326 Loco ACDs - Loco shed wiseReq.SpareTot NF Railway ( 13 Loco Sheds ) Konkan Railway ( 06 Loco Sheds ) Total ( 19 Loco Sheds)

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 38 ‘ACD Project’ - Works Already Sanctioned over IR 4 Southern Rly (including part of South Western Rly) – Ernakulam – Shoranur – Palghat – Erode – Chennai and Bangalore – Jolarpettai – Chennai 3 2 Northeast Frontier Rly – Pilot Project Commissioned (June 2007) 1 Provision of ‘Anti-Collision Devices’ (ACDs) on Broad Gauge (BG) Routes of Indian Railways Sr South Central Rly (including part of South Western Rly) – Vasco – Madgaon – Londa – Hubli – Guntakal – Renigunta Northern Rly – Jalandhar – Amritsar

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 39

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 40 “I need the ACD, ACD does not need me” – Train Driver ‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – © Konkan Railway Corporation Limited, India

‘Anti-Collision Device (ACD) Network’ – Ajaykumar A. Bhatt, CSTE, Konkan Railway, India 41 Thanks ! Obrigado! - Portuguese Merci ! – French Danke ! – German 감사합니다 ! – Korean ありがとう ! – Japanese شكرا ! – Arabic Спасибо! – Russian ¡Agradece! – Spanish Tack ! – Swedish Takk ! – Norwegian תודה, תודה לך ! – Hebrew 谢谢！ - Chinese (Simplified) Grazie ! – Italian Asante ! - Swahili