גנטיקה וסרטן פרופסור איתן פרידמן יחידה אונקוגנטית בית החולים "שיבא" תל השומר.

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Presentation transcript:

גנטיקה וסרטן פרופסור איתן פרידמן יחידה אונקוגנטית בית החולים "שיבא" תל השומר

מהו תהליך סרטני? בגוף טריליון תאים שיודעים להתחלק רק כשצריך שיודעים להתחלק רק כשצריך בתאים סרטניים אבדה השליטה על תהליך ההתחלקות

Low HER2 High HER2 Applications Bimodal response: 2/3 of patients: addition of Herceptin® to chemoRx  no benefit 1/3 of patients: addition of Herceptin® to chemoRx  50% survival time increased by factor 1.5 (20  29 weeks)

נתונים כלליים על סרטן השד 1 מבין 9 נשים במערב תחלה במהלך חייה בישראל מאובחנות כ 4000 חולות חדשות כל שנה 77 % מהחולות מאובחנות מעל גיל 50 רק 0.3 % מהחולות מאובחנות בגיל ו 5 % מתחת לגיל 40 שנים יש הבדל ניכר בשיעורי תחלואה באוכלוסיות שונות : אשכנזיות > עיקריות > צפון אפריקה > ערביות

GENETICS OF CANCER In about 5-10% of the tumors, there is a familial clustering, suggestive of an inherited predisposition In these cases, germline mutations occur that predispose to cancer development

Dx’d 30y Dx’d 38y Dx’d 39y Dx’d 53y Br Ca Dx’d 28y Ov Ca Dx’d 33y Unknown Ca Dx’d 70 y Colon Ca Dx’d 50 y Dx’d 45 y FAMILY HISTORY ATYPICAL HYPERPLASIA / LCIS AGE GENDER Major Risk Factors

Risk 11% Breast Cancer Risk/All

Risk 15% Any Family History

Lifetime Risk of Breast Cancer by FH % Claus et al, 1994

מתי נחשוב שסרטן השד עלול להיות על רקע מורש - משפחתי סיפור משפחתי - 2 קרובות משפחה עם סרטן שד סרטן שחלות אישי או במשפחה גידול דו - צדדי גיל אבחנה צעיר מתחת ל 40 שנים

Percentages of Hereditary Causes- breast+ovarian cancer families Other 17% BRCA2 38% BRCA1 45%

BRCA1 Tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17q Autosomal dominant transmission Protein has role in genomic stability ~1500 different mutations reported Breast Cancer Information Core NonsenseMissenseSplice-site

BRCA2 Tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 13 Autosomal dominant transmission Protein has role in genomic stability ~1800 different mutations reported Breast Cancer Information Core NonsenseMissenseSplice-site

Spectrum of germline mutations in BRCA1/ BRCA2 genes Worldwide there are more than 3800 mutations in these two genes (since 1994). The majority are family specific, and are scattered throughout the genes In a few populations predominant mutations have been described: Iceland, France, Holland. BUT Most notably in Jews

BRCA1/2 mutations in Jewish women Overall – 55 mutations 3 - Predominant 2 – Recurring (>2) BRCA delAG Tyr978X (BRCA1) 5382InsC(Iraqi, Iranian) 5382InsC(Iraqi, Iranian) BRCA2 – 6174delT 8765delAG(BRCA2) (Yemenites) 10 mutations in BRCA2 were reported in two families 40 private, family specific mutations (mostly BRCA2) BRCA BRCA2 -32

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population An estimated 1 in 40 Ashkenazi Jews carries a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation Roa BB et al. Nat Genet 14:185, 1996 Oddoux C et al. Nat Genet 14:188, 1996 Struewing JP. N Engl J Med 336:1401, delAG Prevalence = ~1% 5382insC Prevalence = ~0.15% 6174delT Prevalence = ~1.5% BRCA1 BRCA 2

שכיחות מוטציות באוכלוסיה הכללית בארה ” ב ובאירופה : % % ~ (1/ /600) באוכלוסיה האשכנזית : 2.5% כלומר, 1 מתוך 40 אשכנזים נושא אחת מ - 3 המוטציות בישראל, בערך מיליון אשכנזיות, מכאן : 25,000 ~ נשאיות

סיכון לסרטן בנשאיות ( במהלך החיים )

BRCA-Associated Cancers: Lifetime Risk Possible increased risk of other cancers (eg, prostate, colon) BRCA1-50%  85%, BRCA2-56%-84% BRCA1-Second primary breast cancer 40%  60% BRCA1-15%  45% BRCA2-for mutation in OCCR-20%, other-11%

סיכון לסרטן בנשאיות ( במהלך החיים ) King M-C et al, Science, Oct 2003 New York study BRCA1 BRCA2 סיכון לסרטן השד 80% ~ 80% ~ סיכון לסרטן השחלות 23% 50%~

Israel Breast Cancer Consortium Study 498 index cases – BRCA1/2 carriers with breast and/or ovarian cancer (1/96-12/03). 312 families extended – 458 carrier relatives: BRCA delAG insC - 80 BRCA delT Ascertainment: 85 (19%) relatives of consecutive, hospital based series 373 (81%) – relatives of Cancer Genetics clinic cases

Breast Cancer Risk: BRCA1 vs. BRCA2 (carrier relatives of index cases) Israel Breast Cancer Consortium Nov 2005 Age (years) BRCA1 BRCA2 HR=2.5, p=.002* * Controlled for year of birth, index case cancer site, ascertainment 11% 42% 28% 57% 78% 4% 10% 20% 34% (27%)

Israel Breast Cancer Consortium Nov 2005 Ovarian Cancer Risk: BRCA1 vs. BRCA2 (carrier relatives of index cases) Ovarian cancer risk Age (years) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% HR=2.1, p=.04* BRCA1 BRCA2 * Controlled for year of birth, index case cancer site, ascertainment 0.5% 7% 28% 42% 54% 0%2% 14% 51% 59%

Israel Breast Cancer Consortium Nov 2005 Non-Genetic Effects on Cancer Risk in Carriers: Birth Cohort Effect Age (years) Breast cancer risk 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Older cohort (Born 1955 or earlier) Recent cohort (Born 1956 or later) HR=2.2, p=.02* * Controlled for mutated gene, index case cancer site, ascertainment

יעוץ אונקו - גנטי לחולות וקרובות / קרובי משפחה של חולות סרטן שד ו / או שחלות לספק תשובה לגבי הסיכון לחלות לספק תשובה לגבי סיכון לבנות ושאר קרובי המשפחה להרגיע לגלות את בעלות הסיכון הגבוה להנחות למעקב ומניעה לתת סיוע נפשי להתמודדות עם מידע על נשאות יעוץ רב - מערכתי

המלצות לנשאיות לגילוי מוקדם ולמניעה מעקב סדיר ע ” י כירורג ממוגרפיה בדיקת שד עצמית אולטרסאונד של השחלות (?) CA125 בדם (?) קולונוסקופיה כריתת שחלות מניעתית בגיל 40 כריתת שד מניעתית טיפול כימי מניעתי ( טמוקסיפן )

The most compelling reason to perform BRCA1/2 testing is….

What is the implication of a male mutation carrier of BRCA1/BRCA2? Maybe a slightly increased risk for prostate cancer? Male breast cancer? Primarily, the ability to transmit the mutation to his daughters

UNANSWERED QUESTIONS What is the implication of finding a germline mutation in a populational context? What is the significance of HRT/OC use in mutation carriers? Is the clinical course, therapeutic response of BC and Ovc in mutation carriers different than that of non carriers? What are the genetic and environmental factors that determine penetrance?

UNANSWERED QUESTIONS Long term psychosocial effects Adherence to recommended early detection protocols and preventive surgeries The effects of non-pharmacological means for risk reduction Serological markers to identify individuals at highest cancer risk