Genetics Continued

Mutations Two Types –Changes in a single gene-gene mutation Point mutation Frameshift mutation –Mutation that causes changes in whole chromosomes- chromosomal mutations Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

Gene Regulation Operons- group of genes that operate together Operator -a region to which a repressor can bind,preventing transcription of the genes Biology corner Site

Development and Differentiation Once an egg is formed there are only a few divisions then the cells will start to become specialized (hence the importance of stem cells) this process is called -differentiation these are controlled by a series of cells called the hox genes. –hox genes tell the body how the cells should differentiate as the body grows. Mouse gene in knee of fruit fly the fly grew a eye on its leg –If a mutation in one of these master control genes can completely change the organs that developchange

Selective breeding Breeding traits that you want to keep –Hybridization Crossing dissimilar individual –Inbreeding Breeding back into the same population.. –What problems might there be

Increasing Variation Bacteria –radiation Plant –Ex. Polyploidy

Manipulating DNA Genetic engineering –DNA extraction –Cutting DNA –Separating DNA –HomeworkHomework

Using the DNA sequence Reading the sequence Cutting and pasting Making copies

Cell Transformation Transforming Bacteria –Plasmid –Genetic marker Transforming Plant and Animal cells

Application of Genetic Engineering Transgenic Organisms Cloning

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