Chapter 6 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Phases, Tools, and Techniques

STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES

SAVING LIVES THROUGH SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Centers for Disease Control (CDC) tracks a wealth of information Unfortunately, most of that information is stored in separate IT systems that do not communicate with each other

SAVING LIVES THROUGH SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT The CDC is using a service-oriented architecture (SoA) to integrate all those systems and information

INTRODUCTION Information systems are the support structure for meeting the company’s strategies and goals Why new systems are created:

INTRODUCTION When developing a new system, you have 3 “who” choices… Insourcing Selfsourcing Outsourcing

CHAPTER ORGANIZATION Insourcing and the SDLC Component-Based Development Selfsourcing Prototyping Outsourcing

INSOURCING AND THE SDLC Systems development life cycle (SDLC) Also called a waterfall methodology

SDLC Phases & Major Activities

SDLC as a Waterfall Methodology

Phase 1: Planning Planning phase Three primary planning activities: Define the system to be developed

Phase 1: Planning Set the project scope Project scope Scope creep Feature creep Project scope document

Phase 1: Planning Develop the project plan including tasks, resources, and timeframes Project plan Project manager Project milestones

Phase 1: Planning Sample Project Plan

Phase 2: Analysis Analysis phase

Phase 2: Analysis Two primary analysis activities: Gather the business requirements Business requirements Joint application development (JAD)

Phase 2: Analysis Prioritize the requirements Requirements definition document

Phase 2: Analysis Take time during analysis to get the business requirements correct. If you find errors, fix them immediately. The cost to fix an error in the early stages of the SDLC is relatively small. In later stages, the cost is huge.

Phase 3: Design Design phase Two primary design activities: Design the technical architecture Technical architecture

Phase 3: Design Design system models Starting with design, you take on less of an active participation role and act more as a “quality control” function, ensuring that the IT people are designing a system to meet your needs

Phase 4: Development Development phase Two primary development activities:

Phase 5: Testing Testing phase Two primary testing activities: Write the test conditions

Phase 5: Testing Perform the testing of the system Unit testing System testing Integration testing User acceptance testing (UAT)

Phase 6: Implementation Implementation phase Two primary implementation activities Write detailed user documentation

Phase 6: Implementation Provide training for the system users Online training Workshop training

Phase 6: Implementation Choose the right implementation method Parallel implementation Plunge implementation Pilot implementation Phased implementation

Phase 7: Maintenance Maintenance phase Two primary maintenance activities: Build a help desk to support the system users Provide an environment to support system changes

COMPONENT-BASED DEVELOPMENT The SDLC focuses only on the project at hand Component-based development (CBD) CBD focuses on

Component-Based Development Methodologies Rapid application development (RAD) Extreme programming (XP) Agile methodology

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Rapid application development (RAD) (also called rapid prototyping) – Prototypes are models of the software components The development team continually designs, develops, and tests the component prototypes until they are finished

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Use already-existing software components Build new software components

Extreme Programming (XP)

Agile Methodology Agile methodology

SoA – An Architecture Perspective Service-oriented architecture (SoA) All CBD methodologies adhere to an SoA Services are the same as components, which are the same as small self-contained blocks of code More in Chapter 7

SELFSOURCING Selfsourcing (end-user development)

Selfsourcing Approach

Selfsourcing Approach

Selfsourcing Advantages

Selfsourcing Disadvantages

The Right Tool for the Job End users must have development tools that:

PROTOTYPING Prototype Prototyping Proof-of-concept prototype Selling prototype

The Prototyping Process The prototyping process involves four steps:

The Prototyping Process

Advantages of Prototyping

Disadvantages of Prototyping

OUTSOURCING Outsourcing

OUTSOURCING The main reasons behind the rapid growth of the outsourcing industry include the following:

Outsourcing Options IT outsourcing for software development can take one of four forms:

Outsourcing Options

Outsourcing Process

Outsourcing Process When outsourcing, you’ll develop two vitally important documents – a request for proposal and a service level agreement

Outsourcing – RFP Request for proposal (RFP)

Outsourcing – SLA Service level agreement (SLA)

Outsourcing Options There are three different forms of outsourcing: Onshore outsourcing Nearshore outsourcing Offshore outsourcing

Offshore Outsourcing Primary outsourcing countries are: India China Eastern Europe (including Russia) Ireland Israel Philippines

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing