Chapter 8 The Dynamic Planet Elemental Geosystems 5e Robert W. Christopherson Charles E. Thomsen

The Dynamic Planet The Pace of Change Earth’s Structure and Internal Energy   The Geologic Cycle     Plate Tectonics  

The Pace of Change   Geologic Time Scale Uniformitarianism

Geologic Time Scale Figure 8.1

Earth’s Structure and Internal Energy Earth in Cross Section Earth’s core   Earth’s magnetism Earth’s mantle   Lithosphere and crust  

Earth in Cross Section Figure 8.2

Earth’s Interior Figure 8.2

Earth’s Interior Figure 8.2

Earth’s Interior Figure 8.2

Core to Crust Figure 8.3

Isostatic Adjustment Figure 8.4

The Geologic Cycle The Rock Cycle Igneous processes Sedimentary processes   Metamorphic processes  

The Geologic Cycle Figure 8.5

Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks By definition a mineral is/has Naturally occurring Inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition Rock A solid aggregate of minerals

Cubic Crystals of Pyrite Figure 1.7 A

Elemental Abundances in Continental Crust Figure 1.14

Mineral Groups Silicates Most important mineral group Comprise most rock-forming minerals Very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth’s crust Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron Fundamental building block Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon ion

Table 1.1

Quartz (SiO2) Exhibits a Variety of Colors

The Rock Cycle Figure 8.6

Igneous Rock Types Figure 8.7

Intrusive and Extrusive Rocks Figure 8.8

Course-Grained Igneous Texture Figure 2.4 B

Sedimentary Rock Types Figure 8.9

Metamorphic Rocks Figure 8.12

Plate Tectonics A Brief History Sea-Floor Spreading and Production of New Crust   Subduction of the Crust   The Formation and Breakup of Pangaea   Plate Boundaries   Earthquake and Volcanic Activity   Hot Spots

Crustal Movements Figure 8.13

Continents Adrift Figure 8.15

Magnetic Reversals Figure 8.14

Ocean Floor Figure 8.17

Earth’s Major Plates Figure 8.16

Earthquakes and Volcanoes Figure 8.18

Hot Spot Tracks Figure 8.19

Elemental Geosystems 5e End of Chapter 8 Elemental Geosystems 5e Robert W. Christopherson Charles E. Thomsen