Volcanoes. Volcanic landforms Effusive eruptions (gentle flows, lots of lava) cinder cones shield volcanoes plateau basalts Explosive eruptions (viscous.

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Presentation transcript:

Volcanoes

Volcanic landforms Effusive eruptions (gentle flows, lots of lava) cinder cones shield volcanoes plateau basalts Explosive eruptions (viscous lava, trapped gases) composite volcanoes calderas

Cinder cone Big Cinder Butte, Craters of the Moon, Idaho - forms small hills, less than 450 m high - black scoria rock with air bubbles

Shield volcano Mauna Loa, Hawaii Low viscosity magma Gases readily escape From this magma Effusive eruptions

Kilauea, Hawaii

Hot spot Seamounts

Plateau basalts

Composite volcano

Shield/Composite Comparison

Mount St. Helens: the day before

Flooding (from steam-melted ice and snow)

Four years later

Caldera Crater Lake, Oregon windblown ash landed in Calgary 6600 years ago

Volcanic hazards and effects hot ash (pyroclastics) steam and gas explosions lava flows poisonous gases (carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid) landslides tree blowdowns lahars (steam-melted ice and snow cause flooding and large mudflows) increase in atmospheric dust (decreased global temperatures)

Volcanic benefits new fertile soils - Hawaii, Philippines geothermal energy - Iceland, Italy, New Zealand new real estate - Iceland, Japan, Hawaii

Diamond-bearing kimberlite pipe