© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.11

2 Technology in Action Technology in Focus: The History of the PC The History of the PC

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.3 Altair 8800 The first microcomputerThe first microcomputer Sold as a kitSold as a kit Switches for inputSwitches for input Lights for outputLights for output Gates and Allen create a compiler for BasicGates and Allen create a compiler for Basic 4,000 orders for the machine4,000 orders for the machine

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.4 Apple I and Apple II Apple I built by Steve Wozniak in 1976Apple I built by Steve Wozniak in 1976 Apple II developed by Steve Jobs in 1977Apple II developed by Steve Jobs in 1977 Uses Motorola processorUses Motorola processor First fully contained microcomputerFirst fully contained microcomputer Highly successfulHighly successful

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.5 Early Competitors Commodore PET 2001Commodore PET 2001 Radio Shack’s TRS-80Radio Shack’s TRS-80 The OsborneThe Osborne

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.6 IBM PC IBM enters small computer market in 1981IBM enters small computer market in 1981 Uses open architectureUses open architecture Purchases operating system from MicrosoftPurchases operating system from Microsoft

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.7 Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) Revolutionized software industryRevolutionized software industry Easily learned by beginnersEasily learned by beginners Key PC languageKey PC language Used by Gates and Allen to write the program for AltairUsed by Gates and Allen to write the program for Altair Led to the creation of MicrosoftLed to the creation of Microsoft

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.8 Advent of Operating Systems Steve Wozniak invents floppy driveSteve Wozniak invents floppy drive Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating system that controlled the first ApplesDisk Operating System (DOS): Operating system that controlled the first Apples Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for Intel-based PCsControl Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for Intel-based PCs

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.9 Advent of Operating Systems MS-DOSMS-DOS –Operating system for IBM PCs –Based on an operating system called Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS) –Created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen –All PCs using the Intel chip used MS-DOS

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.10 Software Application Explosion Electronic SpreadsheetsElectronic Spreadsheets –VisiCalc –Lotus –Microsoft Excel Word ProcessingWord Processing –WordStar –Word for MS-DOS –WordPerfect Bricklin and Frankston VisiCalc screenshot

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.11 Graphical User Interface XeroxXerox –Palo Alto Research Center –Alto: 1972 AppleApple –Lisa: 1983 –Macintosh: 1984 Xerox Alto

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.12 The Internet Boom Mosaic: 1993Mosaic: 1993 Netscape: 1994Netscape: 1994 Internet Explorer: 1995Internet Explorer: 1995

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.13 Early Computer History Pascalene 1624Pascalene 1624 –The first accurate mechanical calculator –Created by Blaise Pascal –Used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide Jacquard Loom 1820Jacquard Loom 1820 –Created by Joseph Jacquard –A machine that automated the weaving of complex patterns –Used holes punched in cards to automate the process

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.14 Early Computer History Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890 –Created by Herman Hollerith –Used punch cards to tabulate census data –Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became IBM Analytical Engine 1834Analytical Engine 1834 –Created by Charles Babbage The father of computingThe father of computing –The first automatic calculator –Includes components similar to those found in today's computers

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.15 Early Computer History Z1 1936Z –Created by Konrad Zuse –The Z1 is a mechanical calculator –It included a control unit and memory functions Atanasoff-Berry Computer 1939Atanasoff-Berry Computer 1939 –Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry –The first electrically powered digital computer –Used vacuum tubes to store data –The first computer to use the binary system Atansoff-Berry Computer

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.16 Early Computer History Harvard Mark I 1944Harvard Mark I 1944 –Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper –A computer used by the U.S. Navy for ballistics calculations –Hopper’s contribution to computing was Invention of the compilerInvention of the compiler Coined the term “computer bug”Coined the term “computer bug” Turing Machine 1936Turing Machine 1936 –Created by Alan Turing –Hypothetical model defined a mechanical procedure or algorithm –Concept of an infinite tape that could read, write, and erase was precursor to today’s RAM 1 st use of “computer bug”

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.17 Early Computer History ENIAC 1944ENIAC 1944 –Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert –The first successful high- speed electronic digital computer UNIVAC 1951UNIVAC 1951 –The first commercially successful electronic digital computer –Used magnetic tape ENIAC

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.18 Early Computer History Transistors: 1945Transistors: 1945 –Invented at Bell Laboratories –Replaces vacuum tubes Integrated circuits: 1958Integrated circuits: 1958 –Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments –A small chip containing thousands of transistors –Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.19 Early Computer History Microprocessor chip: 1971Microprocessor chip: 1971 –Created by Intel Corporation –A small chip containing millions of transistors –It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.20 Transistors and Beyond First-generation computers (1946–1958)First-generation computers (1946–1958) –UNIVAC –Use vacuum tubes to store data Second-generation computers (1959–1964)Second-generation computers (1959–1964) –Use transistors to store data Third-generation computers (1965–1970)Third-generation computers (1965–1970) –Use integrated circuits Fourth-generation computers (1971–today)Fourth-generation computers (1971–today) –Use a microprocessor chip