DDSS 2006 Conference/4-7 July/Heeze-Kapellerput/The Netherlands Research on new residential areas using GIS A case study Selma CELİKYAY Zonguldak Karaelmas University Bartin Faculty of Forestry Department of Landscape Architecture Bartin-TURKEY

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 2 Main approaches There are two main approaches guiding the research. One of them is sustainability and thus, the other is ecological planning approach. As known, both of them are related to one another. Sustainability The bridge between today and future Usage of natural resources without exhausting them Ecological planning The relation between human and nature The balance between utilization and conservation of the natural resources.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 3 Sustainability Sustainability concept makes a bridge between today and future. One of the major principles of sustainable development: “usage of natural resources without exhausting them” has been appropriated by the whole world and the space planning strategies have gained a new dimension considering natural resources.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 4 Ecological planning As known, planning is a decision-making process regarding “the future”. On each scale of planning process, spatial rules of the social life have been formed. In planning process preparing scenarios on community scale, firstly spatial analyses should be carried out. Throughout the world, spatial planning strategies focusing on the sustainable development have ecological approach. Both regional and urban planning processes have been based upon ecological issues. Each land is not suitable for every kind of land uses or is suitable for only one land use from the natural resource point of view.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 5 Research area The principal aim of the study is mainly to make a framework that will guide planning process regarding Bartin settlement. In the city of Bartin through which the Bartin River flows, a case study has been carried out regarding the planning strategies and the ecological approach mentioned above. Bartin is situated in Black Sea Region of Turkey.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 6 3D map of the research area

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 7 Materials Geographical information system  ArcView 3.2 AutoCad Potential value analysis program

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 8 Method The method of McHarg employed in this study is also based on the ecological analysis, determination of the land use potentials of an area in terms of natural resources and the use of this analysis in physical planning. Stages: Data Analysis Evaluation Result

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 9 Data At the first stage, data regarding research area was stored in computer. Topography Geology Hydrology Soil Flora Existing land uses

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 10 Analysis Basically, there are two steps at the analysis stage. Creation of the mathematical analysis method Grid analysis

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 11 Mathematical analysis method A mathematical formula was created for analysis of ecological factors in the research area. The basic principle underlying of this formula is that each land is not suitable for every kind of land uses or is suitable for only one land use from the point of potential of natural resources view. The aim of using a mathematical method is not only to selection of the suitable lands for residential uses but also to eliminate unsuitable lands.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 12 Mathematical formula The basic principle underlying of this mathematical formula is that the potential of a land for residential use is the sum of the potential values of the ecological factors related to the land. This expression has been mathematically formulated: RLU PV = Factor1 PV + Factor2 PV + …. + Factor (n) PV RLU= Residential Land Use PV= Potential Value This mathematical formula is a basic formula guiding the research based on ecological approach.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 13 Mathematical formula Factor PV = g.e RLU PV = ΣFactor PV = g1.e1 + g2.e2 +…+ g(n).e(n) RLU PV = Total potential value related to residential land use PV = Potential value of the ecological factor related to residential land use g = The ecological factor’s level of importance in determining the residential land use e = The numerical value of the ecological factor (functional value)

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 14 Criterions for residential areas Criterions selected for residential areas are ability class of the soil, slope, erosion and aspect factors. RA pv =Ability Class pv + Slope pv + Erosion pv +Aspect pv RA = Potential residential areas pv = Potential value

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 15 Criterions for residential areas Each one of these ecological factors was separated inferior factors having the ecological threshold characteristics for residential land use. Either primary ecological factors or inferior ecological factors were evaluated numerical values.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 16 Table 1. Assessment criterions related to the potential residential areas Grid unit no. Ecological factorsAbility ClassSlopeErosionAspect Factors’ values (g)3322 Sub-factors’ values in grid area (e)Max: 4 Min: 1 Max: 4 Min: 1 Max: 4 Min: 1 Max: 4 Min: 1 Total values (g.e)g.eg.Eg.e Total potential value of grid unit (∑g.e) Max. value: 40, Min. value: 10, Mid-value: 25 ∑g.e = PRA PV

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 17 Grid unit no. Ecological factorAbility Class of Land Factor’s value (g)3 Sub-factors IV.ClassV.ClassVI.ClassVII.Class Sub-factor’s value (e)4321 The value of grid (e) Potential value of grid unit (g.e)AC pv = Table 2. Assessment criterions related to the ability class factor of the lands

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 18 Table 3. Assessment criterions related to the slope factor Grid unit no. Ecological factorSlope Factor’s value (g)2 Sub-factors 0-6%6-12%12-20%20 +% Sub-factor’s value (e)4321 The value of grid (e) Potential value of grid unit (g.e)Slope pv =

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 19 Table 4. Assessment criterions related to the erosion factor Grid unit no. Ecological factorErosion Factor’s value (g)2 Sub-factors The highestHigh erosionMid-erosionLittle or no Sub-factor’s value (e)1234 The value of grid (e) Potential value of grid unit (g.e)Erosion pv =

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 20 Table 5. Assessment criterions related to the aspect factor Grid unit no. Ecological factorAspect Factor’s value (g)3 Sub-factors SW, S, SEW, ENW, NEN Sub-factor’s value (e)4321 The value of grid (e) Potential value of grid unit (g.e)Aspect pv =

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 21 Grid analysis Division of the research area into geographic grid units Question of the ecological factors within the grid units in accordance with the mathematical method

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 22 Grid analysis Through the grid analysis, the existence of ecological sub-factors in grid units has been questioned according to the mathematical method with the help of geographical information system. Not only one sub-factor but also several sub-factors existing in these grids have been taken into account. And so, the dominant type method has been used in the assessment of ecological sub-factors researched in the grid system.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 23 Evaluation Selection of the appropriate lands for residential uses Elimination of the inappropriate lands for residential uses

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 24 Evaluation According to the grid analysis, the grids receiving a potential value less than the minimum potential value indicated in the natural factor evaluation table related to residential areas through the computer program developed for this purpose have been determined as the areas lack of potential and have been extracted from the evaluation. The grid units having numerical value between minimum potential value and mid-potential value have been determined as the second degree potential areas. The grid units having numerical value above mid-value have been determined as the first degree potential areas. In this way, a map illustrating two optional residential areas has been acquired.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 25 Result of the research As a result of the grid analyses, the fourth class lands having slope between twelve and twenty percent, the lands having mid-erosion degree, and aspects of south, south-east and east were determined as first class potential areas that are suitable for residential land uses. The hill sides around the settled areas are the places having high potential in terms of residential land uses. Contrary to the settlements on the first class agricultural lands, and the places having risks in terms of level of the subsoil water and earthquake, these areas have characteristic of strong ground in terms of geologic structure.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 26 New residential areas

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 27 Existing land uses As seen on the map, in the developing residential area- outside of the settled areas- the housing areas have been built as they were suggested in 1980’s plan on the scale of 1/5000. Some of these residential areas have fourth class land use ability and they are on % gradient hillsides, while some of the residential areas are on valuable agricultural lands having first class land use ability. In the areas outside of the settled area, residences having 2 or 3 floors can be observed. These residential areas also have first class land use ability and they are set on the most fertile agricultural lands.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 28 Existing land uses

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 29 Conclusions The research shows that most of the lands of Bartin settlement have been misused due to physical plans not considering natural resources. Especially agricultural lands have been used for residential land uses. In the process of urban development, socio-economical development strategies regarding the future of Bartin settlement should be focused on ecological bases. It should be considered to provide the balance between conservation and utilization of the natural resources for sustainability.

ZKU / zonguldak karaelmas university 30 Selma Celikyay Zonguldak Karaelmas University Bartin Faculty of Forestry Department of Landscape Architecture Bartin-TURKEY