Chapter 9 Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes Elemental Geosystems 5e Robert W. Christopherson Charles E. Thomsen

Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes Earth’s Surface Relief Features   Crustal Formation Processes   Crustal Deformation Processes   Orogenesis (Mountain Building)   Earthquakes   Volcanism  

Earth’s Surface Relief Features Crustal Orders of Relief   First order of relief Second order of relief Third order of relief Hypsometry Earth’s Topographic Regions  

Earth’s Hypsometry Figure 9.2

Earth’s Topographic Regions Figure 9.3

Crustal Formation Processes Continental Shields   Building Continental Crust Terranes  

Crustal Formation Figure 9.5

North American Terranes Figure 9.6

Crustal Deformation Processes Folding and Broad Warping   Faulting   Normal fault Reverse (thrust) fault Strike-slip fault Faults in concert

Stress and Strain Figure 9.7

Folding Figure 9.8

Zagros Crush Zone Figure 9.9

Domes and Basins Figure 9.10

Normal Fault Figure 9.11

Reverse Fault Figure 9.11

Strike-Slip Fault Figure 9.11

San Andreas Fault Figure 9.12

Anatolian Fault and San Andreas Fault Figure 9.13

Faulted Landscapes Figure 9.14

Orogenesis (Mountain Building) Types of Orogenies   The Grand Tetons and the Sierra Nevada   The Appalachian Mountains   World Structural Regions  

Alpine Orogeny Figure 9.15

Oceanic-Continental Collision Figure 9.16

Oceanic-Oceanic Collision Figure 9.16

Continental-Continental Collision Figure 9.16

Teton Range in Wyoming Figure 9.17

The Appalachian Mountains Figure 9.18

World Structural Regions Figure 9.19

Earthquakes Expected Quakes and Those of Deadly Surprise Earthquake Essentials The Nature of Faulting   The San Francisco earthquakes The Southern California earthquakes Earthquake Forecasting and Planning

Buildup and Release of Stress Figure 9.20

Anatomy of an Earthquake Figure 9.21

Impacts of Earthquake Prediction Figure 9.22

Volcanism Volcanic Features Location and Types of Volcanic Activity Effusive eruptions   Explosive eruptions   Mount Pinatubo eruption Volcano Forecasting and Planning

Hawaiian Basaltic Lava Figure 9.23

Volcanic Settings Figure 9.24

Rift Valley Figure 9.25

Mount Hood and Flood Basalt Figure 9.26

Hawaiian Volcanic Activity Figure 9.27

White’s Isle, New Zealand Figure 9.29

Pu‘u O‘o Crater, Hawai‘i Figure 9.32

Shield and Composite Volcanoes Figure 9.33

Composite Volcanoes Figure 9.34

Elemental Geosystems 5e End of Chapter 9 Elemental Geosystems 5e Robert W. Christopherson Charles E. Thomsen