BioChemistry Chapter 2.3

Organic Compounds Compounds made by cells and containing carbon A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outside shell –Does it make covalent or ionic bonds? covalent

Macromolecules Large molecules Examples: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

How do you make a macromolecule? Need small building blocks –These are called Monomers Link monomers together you get –Polymers Greek –Poly (many) –Meros (parts)

How do you make a macromolecule? You must link the monomers You must remove a hydrogen ion & a hydroxide ion These will form water The process is called – –condensation Condensation

Can you break the Macromolecules apart? Yes Just add water Hydrolysis –Hydro = water –Lyse = break

Lipids

Fats Mostly carbon and hydrogen They store energy Monomers – –Glycerol –Fatty acids Triglyceride (fat in the blood)

Saturated Fats Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen Are solid at room temperature Most animal fat

Read those labels!!! Diets rich in saturated fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease Called atherosclerosis Lipid deposits called plaques build up in blood vessels

Unsaturated Fats Contain double bonds Liquid at room temperature Most vegetable fats

So what is hydrogenated vegetable oil? Take unsaturated fats Pump them full of hydrogen atoms Presto! – hydrogenated vegetable oil –UNHEALTHY!

Other forms of lipids Phospholipids –Major component of cell membranes –Contain phosphorus & fatty acids Waxes –Fatty acids and alcohol –Natural coating for fruits –lipstick Steroids –Lipids bent to form rings –Found in animal cell membranes –Starting material to make male and female sex hormones

Proteins - Essential to the Structure & Function of Life

Proteins From the Greek word “proteios” –First place Most diverse in structure & function Monomers –Amino acids Consisting of an amino group and a carboxyl group covalently bonded together

How do proteins form? Monomers are linked by condensation –The OH from the carboxyl group binds with the H from the amino group –The amino acid is held together by a peptide bond 2 amino acids = dipeptide bond 3 or more amino acids = polypeptide bond

7 Major Classes of Protein 1)Structural – includes spider silk, human hair, & fibers that make up tendons & ligament 2)Contractile – provide muscular movement 3)Storage – ovalbumin (egg white) 4)Defensive – antibodies

7 Major Classes of Protein cont… 5) Transport- hemoglobin (iron containing protein in blood) 6) Signal – hormones coordinating body activity 7) Enzymes – serves as a chemical catalyst (changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed)

Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Ratio of 1:2:1 Monomer –Simple sugar – monosaccharides

Carbohydrates cont. Disaccharides – double sugars –Example - sucrose

Carbohydrates cont. Polysaccharides – many sugars –Examples – starch, cellulose, chitin