Mining School Data to Uncover Student Needs Vivian V. Lee, Ed. D. Higher Ed School Counselor Specialist National Office for School Counselor Advocacy

2 “Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today“. Malcolm X

3 Of Every 100 White Kindergartners: 94 Graduate from high school 66 complete at least some college 34 Obtain at least a Bachelor’s Degree (25-to 29-Year-Olds) Source: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. March Current Population Surveys, , in The Condition of Education

4 Of Every 100 African American Kindergartners: 89 Graduate from high school 51 complete at least some college 18 obtain at least a Bachelor’s degree (25-to 29-Year-Olds) Source: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. March Current Population Surveys, , in The Condition of Education

5 Of Every 100 Latino Kindergartners: 62 Graduate from high school 31 Complete at least some college 10 Obtain at least a Bachelor’s degree (25-to 29-Year-Olds) Source: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. March Current Population Surveys, , in The Condition of Education

6 Of Every 100 American Indian/Alaskan Native Kindergartners: 71 Graduate from high school 30 complete at least some college 12 Obtain at least a Bachelor’s degree (25 Years Old and Older) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States. Data source: Census 2000,

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8 Understanding the Need for Equity “Despite increased diversification of the AP classroom, African American and Native American students remain significantly underrepresented in AP classrooms nationwide, and Hispanic students remain underrepresented in AP classrooms in many states”. Advanced Placement Report to the Nation 2007

9 Closing the Gaps in Success for All Students Reducing inequity in:  Access – opening the door  Attainment - reaching the benchmark  Achievement – mastering rigor

10 By group, by grade, by gender Access Equitable enrollment Attainment Attendance rates Drop out rates Promotion/Retention rates Special Education rates Gifted and Talented Graduation rates College-going rates AP, and other rigorous course enrollment rates PSAT, SAT, ACT, AP test taking rates Discipline - suspension and/or expulsion rates Culture and climate ratings Achievement PSAT, SAT or ACT scores AP test scores State test scores – FCAT proficient or better GPA’s

11 Is This Equity?

12 Equitable Schools EX: AP Programs Access = Equitable Enrollment Attainment = Equitable Completion and Exams Taken Achievement = Equitable Grades and AP Exam Scores

13 The Advanced Placement Program’s Official Equity Policy Statement “The College Board encourages the elimination of barriers that restrict access to AP courses for students from ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups that have been traditionally underrepresented in the AP Program. Schools should make every effort to ensure that their AP classes reflect the diversity of their student population”.

14 A LOOK INSIDE YOUR SCHOOL DATA PACKETS A. PSAT/NMSQT & SAT Participation Trends by Cohort Year B. Actual vs. Potential Enrollment in AP Courses C. AP Participation & Passing Rates

15 PSAT/NMSQT & SAT Participation Data by Cohort Year Black Student Participation Trends Hispanic Participation Trends Total Student Participation Trends

16 Examining The Graphs PSAT/NMSQT test taking trends by cohort SAT test taking trends by cohort PSAT/NMSQT & SAT test taking trends by cohort What are the test taking trends for the PSAT/NMSQT and the SAT in my school? What are the enrollment trends in my school? What are the PSAT/NMSQT & SAT test taking trends in my school? What are the equity issues in my school surrounding the PSAT/NMSQT & SAT?

17 Primary y-axis x-axis Cohort Year of Graduation PSAT/NMSQT Test Taking Trends by Graduation Cohort Percentage of Hispanic Students who took the PSAT & SAT Total Number of Students 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Percentage of Students 10th Grade Hispanic PSAT Test Takers th Grade Hispanic Enrollment % of Hispanic PSAT test takers 13.76%54.10%43.21%68.60%82.42%66.18%75.78%76.15%

18 Primary y-axis x-axis Cohort Year of Graduation SAT Test Taking Trends by Graduation Cohort Percentage of Hispanic Students who took the SAT Total Number of Students 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Percentage of Students 12th Grade Hispanic SAT Test Takers th Grade Hispanic Enrollment % of Hispanic SAT Hispanic Test Takers 28.26%25.69%17.24%35.16%29.03%25.66%

19 Primary y-axis x-axis Cohort Year of Graduation PSAT & SAT Participation Trends by Cohort SAT & PSAT Test Taking Trends for African America Students by Year of Graduation Total Number of Students 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Percentage of Students 10th Grade Black PSAT Test Takers th Grade Black Enrollment th Grade Black SAT Test Takers th Grade Black Enrollment % Black PSAT Test Takers 8.76%46.61%43.33%53.71%63.46%87.76%100.00%99.26% % Black SAT Black Test Takers 21.78%22.57%20.15%30.56%28.03%29.48% *The numbers for the PSAT Test Takers and SAT Test Takers are from the self-reported data collected from the test takers themselves, while the Enrollment is collected and reported by the Florida Department of Education. In some instances, students may self-report as belonging to an ethnic group different than recorded by the FLDOE. This may cause the total number of test takers to be greater than the total number of enrolled students for a particular ethnic group. In these cases, we have changed the Participation Rate to 100% and these changes are indicated by the highlighted areas.

20 ACTIVITY Fill in the blanks with either “increasing”, “decreasing”, or “unchanged”. 1. The PSAT test taking trends for Hispanic students in my school are __________________. 2. The PSAT test taking trends for Black students in my schools are__________________. 3. The PSAT test taking trends for Total students in my schools are__________________. 4. The SAT test taking trends for Hispanic students in my school are __________________. 5. The SAT test taking trends for Black students in my schools are__________________. 6. The SAT test taking trends for Total students in my schools are__________________.

21 Sophomore Compared to Senior Enrollment Trends Where did those students go? Senior Enrollment Trends Sophomore Enrollment Trends What do your enrollment trend lines look like? Total Number of Students 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Percentage of Students 10th Grade Total PSAT Test Takers th Grade Total Enrollment th Grade Total SAT Test Takers th Grade Total Enrollment % PSAT Total Test Takers 12.41%54.01%54.98%63.12%71.91%74.36%75.88%79.55% % SAT Total Test Takers 47.43%65.67%66.40%51.53%51.14%64.67% Where are the students who are no longer enrolled? Why are they no longer enrolled?

22 ACTIVITY Fill in the blanks with the appropriate number In the Graduating Class of 2007, there were _____ Black students during their sophomore year and _____ Black students during their senior year. In the Graduating Class of 2007, there were _____ Hispanic students during their sophomore year and _____ Hispanic students during their senior year. In the Graduating Class of 2007, there were _____ Total students during their sophomore year and _____ Total students during their senior year. How many students are no longer enrolled?

23 SAT & PSAT Test Taking Trends Sophomore Test Takers Senior Test Takers Total Number of Students 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Percentage of Students 10th Grade Total PSAT Test Takers th Grade Total Enrollment th Grade Total SAT Test Takers th Grade Total Enrollment PSAT Total Participation Rate 12.41%54.01%54.98%63.12%71.91%74.36%75.88%79.55% SAT Total Participation Rate 33.81%34.44%29.86%40.33%35.45%38.04%

24 What are the equity issues in my school surrounding the PSAT/NMSQT & SAT? Black Student Participation Trends Hispanic Student Participation Trends Total Student Participation Trends

25 What are the equity issues in my school surrounding the PSAT/NMSQT & SAT? Compare & Contrast

26 Potential AP Course Enrollment Art History Biology Calculus AB Calculus BC Chemistry Comparative Gov & Politics Computer Science A Computer Science AB English Language English Literature Environmental Science European History French Literature Human Geography Latin Literature Latin Vergil Macroeconomics Microeconomics Music Theory Physics B Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism Physics C: Mechanics Psychology Spanish Literature Statistics U.S. Gov't & Politics U.S. History World History % Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam30-50% Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam 2006 AP Exam-Takers

27 1. Actual AP Test Takers vs. Potential Enrollment in AP Courses a) How many actual AP test takers are in my school disaggregated by course? b) What is the potential AP enrollment in my school disaggregated by course? c) What do I find when I compare actual enrollment with potential enrollment? d) How are potential new courses identified?

28 What is the Potential AP Enrollment Disaggregated by Course? Art History Music Theory Calculus AB Calculus BC Chemistry Comparative Gov & Politics Computer Science A Computer Science AB English Language English Literature Environmental Science European History French Literature Human Geography Latin Literature Latin Vergil Macroeconomics Microeconomics Biology Physics B Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism Physics C: Mechanics Psychology Spanish Literature Statistics U.S. Gov't & Politics U.S. History World History % Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam 30-50% Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam 2006 AP Exam-Takers

29 How Many Actual AP Test Takers are in my School Disaggregated by Course? Art History Music Theory Calculus AB Calculus BC Chemistry Comparative Gov & Politics Computer Science A Computer Science AB English Language English Literature Environmental Science European History French Literature Human Geography Latin Literature Latin Vergil Macroeconomics Microeconomics Biology Physics B Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism Physics C: Mechanics Psychology Spanish Literature Statistics U.S. Gov't & Politics U.S. History World History % Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam 30-50% Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam 2006 AP Exam-Takers

30 What is the Difference Between Actual Test Takers and Potential Enrollment? Art History Music Theory Calculus AB Calculus BC Chemistry Comparative Gov & Politics Computer Science A Computer Science AB English Language English Literature Environmental Science European History French Literature Human Geography Latin Literature Latin Vergil Macroeconomics Microeconomics Biology Physics B Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism Physics C: Mechanics Psychology Spanish Literature Statistics U.S. Gov't & Politics U.S. History World History % Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam 30-50% Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam 2006 AP Exam-Takers What data elements are important to examine about potential enrollment and actual test takers?

31 How are Potential New Course Offerings Identified? Art History Music Theory Calculus AB Calculus BC Chemistry Comparative Gov & Politics Computer Science A Computer Science AB English Language English Literature Environmental Science European History French Literature Human Geography Latin Literature Latin Vergil Macroeconomics Microeconomics Biology Physics B Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism Physics C: Mechanics Psychology Spanish Literature Statistics U.S. Gov't & Politics U.S. History World History % Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam 30-50% Probability of Receiving a 3 or Higher on an AP Exam 2006 AP Exam-Takers How many students? What percent is used to create a pool?

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33 Result… A list that indicates group, grade and gender of young potential Advanced Placement participants. Then… add your initiatives to ensure a new group of students is supported and prepared for Advanced Placement. Also… Based on your data and goals, examine your Master Schedule to ensure ample opportunities for students with potential.

34 AP Participation Rates & Percent of Three or Higher

35 Reading & Interpretation AP Participation Rates & Percent of Three or Higher  What is the AP participation rate in my school across ethnicities?  What is the number and percent of students who score three or higher in my school across ethnicities?  How do AP participation rates compare to students who score three or higher across ethnicities in my school?

36 Primary y-axis x-axis Ethnicity Total Number of Students 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Percentage of Enrolled AP Students Total Enrolled Total Test Takers N who scored Participation Rate 72.73%100.00%88.37%86.53% %Three or higher 19.44%38.46%31.58%30.10% BLACKHISPANICOTHERTOTAL AP *In some instances, the number of test takers is greater than the number of enrolled students because AP Exams are open to all students, including those who are not enrolled in an AP courses. In these cases, we have changed the Participation Rate to reflect 100%, and the highlighted areas indicate these changes. AP Test Taking Rates Compared to Scores of Three or Higher

Total Number of Students 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% % Percentage of Enrolled AP Students Total Enrolled Total Test Takers N who scored Participation Rate 65.66%100.00%93.71%93.02% %Three or higher 15.38%46.15%31.31%34.38% BLACKHISPANICOTHERTOTAL AP *In some instances, the number of test takers is greater than the number of enrolled students because AP Exams are open to all students, including those who are not enrolled in an AP courses. In these cases, we have changed the Participation Rate to reflect 100%, and the highlighted areas indicate these changes. Compare the Average Difference in AP Participation Rates and AP Scores of Three or Higher Across Groups and Within Groups.

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40 Using Multiple Data Reports to Inform Curriculum, Strategies and Decision Making How can the High School Feedback Report and Post-graduation Indicators Report be used along side PSAT, SAT and AP data help increase academic success for underserved populations?

41 Why Data? Data Isn’t Just Math Data tells a story Data has a face Data has a name Data represent lives What story does the data in your school tell?

42 All Students College Ready!