Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

Link Back Lifespan Perspective says Development is lifelong Social or contextual influences on development must be considered Nature versus Nurture debate is outdated

Developmental Science Emergence of Developmental Science Life-span perspective Contextual Interdisciplinary

Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

Models of Development (World Views) Organismic (Nature side of debate) Mechanistic (Nurture side of debate) Interactionist/Contextual (interaction between nature and nurture) Reciprocal relations with environment

Summary Organismic Mechanistic Interactionist Multidirectional Nature of change Multidirectional Multidimensional Qualitative Quantitative Contribution of organism Active Passive Active Main force of develop- ment Biological intrinsic maturation External stimulus environment Reciprocal relations with environment

Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

Biological Theories of Aging Programmed aging Two types of theories Random error

Programmed Aging Theories Genetic programming theory of aging Sources of support: Gompertz Curve Heritability index

Gompertz Curve Age-specific death rate plotted against age in days Is species-specific

=Correlation between monozygotic twins Heritability Index =Correlation between monozygotic twins =Correlation between dizygotic twins Indicates strength of genetic influence on a characteristic

Programmed Aging Theories Telomere Theory Replicative senescence- cells have limited number of replications before they can no longer replicate Telomere- end of chromosome that protects genetic material during replication Loss of telomeres may cause aging

Programmed Aging Theories Specific Systems Theories Nervous system theory Endocrine system theory Aging caused by losses within these systems

Biological Approaches to Aging: Random Error Theories Wear and tear Mechanical damage Rate of living Use up energy for life Waste product Materials accumulate Cross-linking Collagen cross-links Free radical Unstable molecules Immune system Autoimmunity Somatic mutation, error catastrophe theory Mutation theories Order to disorder Entropy destroys system

Biological Theories of Aging Conclusions Causes of aging not yet known Genetics is more likely cause Environment also plays important role

Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

Psychological Theories of Aging Erikson’s psychosocial theory Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory Identity process model Multiple threshold model Sociocultural model

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Biopsychosocial Nature of Theory PSYCHO SOCIAL EGO DEVELOPMENT

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Epigenetic Principle Old Age Childhood Each stage unfolds from previous stage

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Sense of purpose Lack of direction Basis for later adult stages Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Identity Achievement vs. Identity Diffusion Sense of purpose + Lack of direction - Basis for later adult stages

Mutual relationships Self-absorption Builds on identity Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Intimacy vs. Isolation Mutual relationships + Self-absorption - Builds on identity

Generativity vs. Stagnation Expressed most often in parenting Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Generativity vs. Stagnation Productivity and care + Inward energy - Expressed most often in parenting and work

Ego Integrity vs. Despair Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Adult Stages Ego Integrity vs. Despair Acceptance of past + Fear of death - Sets stage for young

Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Basic Concepts Stages of development in childhood Processes of development assimilation accommodation

Existing structure (“schema”) Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Processes of Development: Assimilation Existing structure (“schema”) Used to interpret New experiences

Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Processes of Development: Accommodation New experiences Cause change New or changed schema

Identity = sense of self Identity Process Theory Definition of Identity Identity = sense of self

Identity Process Theory Identity assimilation Interpret experiences in terms of existing self Identity accommodation Change in self as result of new experiences Balance

Stepwise recognition of age changes Identity Process Theory Multiple Threshold Model Stepwise recognition of age changes Identity processes influence age-related control behaviors

Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

Sociocultural Models of Development: Ecological Perspectives Emphasis on relations between individual and environment as forces to change multiple levels to the environment

Sociocultural Models of Development: Ecological Perspectives Bronfenbrenner model Sociocultural Proximal social Inner processes

Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views) Biological Theories of Aging Psychological Theories of Aging Sociocultural Models of Aging Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited #11 The majority of old people are unable to adapt to change. False

Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited # 17 The majority of old people are socially isolated. False