Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company CHAPTER 1 Chemistry is the Logic of Biological Phenomena to accompany.

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Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company CHAPTER 1 Chemistry is the Logic of Biological Phenomena to accompany Biochemistry, 2/e by Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Brace & Company, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company Outline 1.1 Distinctive Properties of Living Systems 1.2 Biomolecules: Molecules of Life 1.3 Biomolecular Hierarchy 1.4 Properties of Biomolecules 1.5 Organization and Structure of Cells 1.6 Viruses as Cell Parasites

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company On Life and Chemistry... “Living things are composed of lifeless molecules” (Albert Lehninger) “Chemistry is the logic of biological phenomena” (Garrett and Grisham)

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company 1.1 Distinctive Properties of Living Systems Organisms are complicated and highly organized Biological structures serve functional purposes Living systems are actively engaged in energy transformations Living systems have a remarkable capacity for self-replication

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company 1.2 Biomolecules: The Molecules of Life H, O, C and N make up 99+% of atoms in the human body ELEMENT PERCENTAGE Oxygen 63 Hydrogen 25.2 Carbon 9.5 Nitrogen 1.4

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company 1.2 Biomolecules: The Molecules of Life What property unites H, O, C and N and renders these atoms so appropriate to the chemistry of life? Answer: Their ability to form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing.

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company 1.2 Biomolecules: The Molecules of Life What are the bond energies of covalent bonds? Bond Energy kJ/mol H-H 436 C-H 414 C-C 343 C-O 351

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company 1.3 A Biomolecular Hierarchy Simple Molecules are the Units for Building Complex Structures Metabolites and Macromolecules Organelles Membranes The Unit of Life is the Cell

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company 1.4 Properties of Biomolecules Reflect Their Fitness to the Living Condition Macromolecules and Their Building Blocks Have a “Sense” or Directionality Macromolecules are Informational Biomolecules Have Characteristic Three-Dimensional Architecture Weak Forces Maintain Biological Structure and Determine Biomolecular Interactions

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company 1.4 Properties of Biomolecules Reflect Their Fitness to the Living Condition Important numbers! van der Waals: kJ/mole Hydrogen bonds: kJ/mole Ionic bonds: 20 kJ/mole Hydrophobic interactions: <40 kJ/mole

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company Two Important Points About Weak Forces Biomolecular Recognition is Mediated by Weak Chemical Forces Weak Forces Restrict Organisms to a Narrow Range of Environmental Conditions

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company Organization and Structure of Cells Prokaryotic cells –A single (plasma) membrane –no nucleus or organelles Eukaryotic cells –much larger in size than prokaryotes – times larger! –Nucleus plus many organelles –ER, Golgi, mitochondria, etc.

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

Biochemistry 2/e - Garrett & Grisham Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

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