and Stockholm, August 27, 2004 Gerard ’t Hooft Utrecht University The Nature of.

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Presentation transcript:

and Stockholm, August 27, 2004 Gerard ’t Hooft Utrecht University The Nature of

Sir James Clark Maxwell Statistical Mechanics - Thermodynamics - Improved the mathematical formulation of Michael Faraday’s theories of electricity and magnetic lines of force...

The electro-magnetic force

Albert Einstein 1879 – : - Photo-electric effect - Special Relativity - Brownian motion; statistical mechanics 1915: General relativity (gravitation)

Special Relativity

Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics Special Relativity + = Elementary Particle Physics ( = High Energy Physics = Quantum Field Theory )

anti- leptons photon Leptons anti- baryons mesons baryons anti-  Hadrons 1969 This is only 4 % of the matter in the Universe ! (See Licia Verde’s talk)

the forces the ELECTRO MAGNETIC force the STRONG force the WEAK force Forces: Known from experiment

The Yang-Mills Field C.N. Yang and R.L. Mills, 1954

proton neutron Yang - Mills quanta - o - + o o + + o

Multiplets According to the Yang-Mills-theory PN Nucleons pions Yang-Mills bosons

Peter Higgs

Breaking Rotational Symmetry THIS becomes an essential degree of freedom... And THIS is the Higgs degree of Freedom … turning the gauge force carriers massive !

St. Weinberg S.L. Glashow A. Salam

Weinberg Model Weinberg’s lepton model Leptons Gauge bosons Higgs Anti – Leptons

ProtonLambda Antiproton Pi-plusPi-zero The hadronic particles …

The Yang-Mills Color Field Quantum Chromo Dynamics

Quark species quarks s u d uu dd ss Antiquarks up down ccc charm strange t b tt bb top bottom weak strong

Graviton Generation IGeneration II The Standard Model Gauge Bosons g Higgs Generation III Leptons Quarks

Total cross sections CESR DORIS PEP PETRA TRISTAN

Gravitation The fourth force:

The highway across the desert Today’s Limit … GUTs Planck length :

Further unification SU(4) x SU(2) x SU(2) SO(10) 3 generations

The SuperString Theory

A Black Hole

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