NILDE ( Network for Inter-Library Document Exchange) Document Delivery System Silvana Mangiaracina National Research Council (CNR) Bologna Research Library Madrid, March 16-17th th meeting of Southern European Libraries’ Consortia (SELL)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th NILDE Summary What is Nilde? The software user interface and functionalities A short history… Nilde Rules and Regulations Nilde as a building block for resource sharing The growth of the network Inter-disciplinary cooperation Turn-around time Number of exchanges versus turnaround time Methods for supplying documents Open issues Electronic document delivery in publishers’ licenses DRM or Watermarking? User-authentication DD dangerous for publisher’s investments? Conclusions On-going developments

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th What is NILDE? NILDE (Network Inter-Library Document Exchange) is a Web-based Document Delivery System for libraries and end-users NILDE allows libraries to: send borrowing requests to a specific lending library manage all the received requests send requested documents in a secure way via Internet, fax or surface mail archive all transactions, in order to provide statistical reports automatically calculate performance indicators fill-rate and turn-around time manage their own user archive

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th What is NILDE? (cont.) NILDE is dynamically linked to the Italian: National Serials Catalogue (ACNP) MetaOPAC AZALAI (MAI) NILDE supports Open URL 0.1 and 1.0 The “User Article Request” web-form may be linked from any Open URL compliant bibliographic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Scifinder, CSA Illumina, SFX platforms,…) making user requests easier NILDE supports secure electronic delivery via Internet by means of a file-uploading/Web-server NILDE figures: 570 libraries end-users dd requests/year

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th User Request work-flow via NILDE Library A User Library B ACNP Bibliographic database NILDE interactions electronic fax mail Document is printed for user OpenURL 0.1, 1.0

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th The NILDE software (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th A short history of NILDE 1999 BiblioMIME project, funded by CNR for 2 years 2 CNR libraries in Bologna and Parma+ 1 CNR institute (IAT) in Pisa First electronic DD experiments 2001 I workshop “Internet DD and cooperation”, Rome Nilde 1.0 Invitation to all Italian libraries to participate 2003 II workshop “Internet DD and cooperation”, Bologna Nilde 2.0 (new graphics + reports) First time analysis of Italian DD activity (two-years period) 79 provider libraries, 400 requester libraries 2004 NILDE Rules and Regulations

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th “NILDE aims to promote reciprocal exchanges among libraries and to facilitate the use of homogeneous quality standards, in order to develop inter-library cooperation in Document Delivery services.” Libraries belonging to NILDE agree to: Supply documents on a reciprocal basis. Facilitate access to their holdings, through their participation in the Italian Collective Catalogues ACNP,MAI,SBN. Supply documents within 2 days on average and 5 days maximum. Supply documents at no charge and, in the case of heavy usage, ask for a one-off payment at the end of the year. equally distribute their borrowing requests among all the other libraries (and send a maximum of 5 requests per week to the same library) NILDE Rules and Regulations

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th A short history of NILDE (cont.) 2005 III workshop, “Quality serving cooperation”, Pisa Continuing improvements and customisation of the software Nilde 3.0 (End-Users management + Nilde Users) Not only “software”, but also “libraries network” 2006 NILDE Service start-up Economically sustainable model Annual Nilde costs (€ 60,000) shared among all participants 3 types of subscriptions: “Single library”, “University”, “Project” 2006 IV workshop “DD, Electronic Resources, end-users”, Naples Round Table with publishers (Elsevier, Jstor, AIP, BioOne) and Italian consortia on DD clauses in electronic licenses Proposal to constitute the Nilde Libraries Commitee (CBN) 2007 Elections of the 12 CBN members in March 2008 V workshop …… to be held in Bolzano

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Growth of the Network June December 2006 LibrariesDocuments Fulfillement rate 87%

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th subscribing libraries in 2006 Institutions University 70% (388) Health 11% (59) Other14% (75) CNR 5% (29) Disciplinary fields Technical-Scientific 42% (229) Biomedical 34% (190) Multidisciplinary 8% (44) Economic-law 7% (40) Literary-historical 7% (38) Architecture 2% (10) NILDE figures (at 31st Dec. 2006)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Supplied doc.% Requested doc.% University62% 68% Health20% 12% CNR11% 7% Other 7% 12% Exchanged documents per Institutions in the 5-year period (total doc )

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Exchanged documents per disciplinary fields in the 5-year period (total doc ) Supplied doc.% Requested doc.% Suppl.2005 Req Biomedical57%51% 63% 57% (313 doc./lib.) Technical-Scientific 34%38% 29% 33% (155 doc./lib.) Multidisciplinary 5% 6% Economic-law 4% 3% Literary-historical 1% 2%

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Comparing turnaround time performances in active libraries exchanged documents Average LENDING turn-around time (no. of days for document supply): <= 1 day 29% (149 libraries) <= 2 days 23% (120) <= 3 days10% (54) <= 7 days 10% (52) <= 20 days 4% (22) > 20 days 2% (9) Not defined 21% (110) accounts for 7% of total borrowings 18% (95) borrowed less than 100 documents and accounts for 3% of total requests 3% (15) borrowed more than 100 documents and accounts for 4% of total requests

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Libraries with higher volumes of DD are faster

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Methods for supplying documents in 2005 Preferred methods for supplying documents: Nilde 25%  secure electronic DD Ariel 7%  secure electronic DD Fax 35% Surface mail15% Other 6% Unfilled 12%

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Open issue: Electronic DD (EDD) Electronic DD (EDD) embedded in the Nilde software since Nilde rel. 1.0 Italian Copyright law (Law n /4/1941 and following updates) does not allow EDD EDD permitted only if Publishers allow for it in their licenses However…. Licenses usually lack a clear definition of EDD: “secure dd”, “fax-like system”… Many publishers allow EDD, providing the pdf document is first printed and then sent to another library (“hard-copy”). Some publishers allow only for Ariel, but not for any other equivalent system. Use of Nilde as a means for secure EDD is limited to Italian libraries (publishers do not know what is Nilde) Negotiated clauses sometimes improve the DD/ILL conditions, however, we have found differences among the clauses negotiated separately by Italian consortia

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Common restrictions on DD/ILL clauses (Marta Zaetta, Proc.of the IV Nilde Conf. Naples 2006) DIGITAL ARTICLE USED for DD/ILL requests No restriction MAY BE Hard copy printed SENT by TRADITIONAL TRANSMISSION (post - fax) ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION Internet SECURE E-TRANSMISSION The end-user must receive a print copy Delete after printing article format (HC)(NR) (sEDD) (DEL) (USR-PR) (TRAD) Other restrictions transmissiontransmission c) Ariel and its equivalent b) Ariel, Prospero, DocUtrans a) Ariel

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th A comparison of DD/ILL clauses (NR) No DD/ILL restrictions (sEDD) Secure transmission (fax-based services) (TRAD) Traditional transmission (post or fax) (NR) No DD/ILL restrictions (NR) No Restriction on article format (HC) Hard Copy (sEDD) Secure transmission (fax-based services) (TRAD) Only traditional transmission (post or fax) (NR) No DD/ILL restrictions (NR) No Restriction on article format BioOne: “Provide Interlibrary Loan” Wiley: “may transmit such material in hard copy or electronically” ACS: “A User may obtain a copy of an article in PDF format and trasmit it by mail, fax, or electronic transmission” Science: “may supply single copies of articles by electronic transmission for ILL purposes” (HC) Hard Copy (sEDD) Secure transmission (fax-based services) (TRAD) Only traditional transmission (post or fax) Comparison of 12 publisher policies and negotiated licenses with respect to DD/ILL clauses Restrictions on Article format (NR) No Restriction on article format BioOne: “Provide Interlibrary Loan” Wiley: “may transmit such material in hard copy or electronically” ACS: “A User may obtain a copy of an article in PDF format and transmit it by mail, fax, or electronic transmission” Science: “may supply single copies of articles by electronic transmission for ILL purposes” (HC) Hard Copy Jstor: “only printed Materials, and not electronic copies of such Materials, may be used in ILL” IEEE: “use a printed article for ILL”

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th A comparison of DD/ILL clauses (cont.) (sEDD) Secure transmission (fax-based services) (HC) Hard Copy Springer: “use the electronic version to print a copy that may be sent via post, fax, or fax-based services (e.g. Ariel or Prospero)” AIP: “a hard copy printed from the electronic file may be supplied by mail or fax or secure transmission using Ariel or its equivalent” Blackwell: “supply by post, fax or secure electronic transmission using Ariel or its equivalent a single paper copy of an electronic original of an individual document” (TRAD) Traditional transmission (post or fax) Elsevier: “the article is printed by Subscriber and mailed or faxed” IOP: “not use the electronic form of any publication for ILL except that ILL may be made by mailing or faxing articles that have been downloaded printed in hard copy” Nature: “reproduce single copies of individual articles from the Licensed Material in hard copy print form for distribution without charge in hard copy form (but not electronically)”

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th A comparison of DD/ILL clauses (cont.) X X X X x X X X

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Remarks : The electronic environment does not fundamentally change the concept of fair use but libraries need to know what control they have over the product they are purchasing. Publishers should explain why and how the electronic issue may be dangerous for their investments. DD/ILL clauses should be standardized and clearly written in order to explain, for example, what "secure EDD" or "fax-like systems" mean. Consortia should work together toward national agreements. Librarians should become more interested and actively participate in license agreement negotiations. (cit. Marta Zaetta, Proc.of the IV Nilde Conf. Naples 2006) Electronic DD in licenses (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Electronic DD in licenses (cont.) Actions: Constitute the “Nilde Team-Work on Electronic Licenses” Work together the 3 Italian Consortia CILEA-CIBER-CIPE: to involve librarians in the issue to improve communication among libraries, consortia and publishers about ILL/DD to obtain publisher recognition with respect to Nilde as a fax-like system or as a secure EDD software Nilde Help-Licenses database Easy to use for libraries First Italian contracts that allow the use of Nilde software as a secure EDD system: Kluwer, Casalini.

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Electronic DD in licenses (cont.)

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Open issue: copyright protection (Cosimo Alfarano and Silvana Mangiaracina, Proc.of the IV Nilde Conf. Naples 2006) Biggest DD providers (British Library, CISTI, SUBITO), after negotiations with publishers, are implementing secure EDD based on Digital Rights Management Systems (DRM). Nilde is looking for a way to: protect copyright/license rights guarantee user rights to freely use documents within the legal, copyright and licensing framework Two different approaches: Copy protection: copy control or prevention (DRM) Copyright protection: document tracking and verification

Naples, IV Nilde Conference 38 Copy protection Inhibition of actions to prevent unlawful operations documents readable by specific software use of specific formats for documents limits on the number of times documents can be read, copied, printed, and where it can be done (technical implementation: DRM systems)

Naples, IV Nilde Conference 39 Users are innocent until proven guilty document looks and feels the same as before protection was applied document can be read by anyone users can use document like unprotected copies (ie: read, copy, print) Copyright protection

Naples, IV Nilde Conference 40 Watermarking the most commonly used copyright protection technology embeds information into the original document

Naples, IV Nilde Conference 41 Watermarking (cont.) information is not removable without destroying the document itself information is verifiable at any moment

Naples, IV Nilde Conference 42 Watermarking in NILDE Objectives: Test the use of watermarking in DD Build a web-service that : transforms a pdf into an “image pdf” (such as that obtained using a scanner) – simulates hard-copy process embeds a watermark into the hard-copied pdf The SEDD hard-copy module is being tested at: The SEDD watermark module by the end of 2007 The SEDD modules will be released under Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) License

Naples, IV Nilde Conference 43 The future: Watermarking in NILDE User’s Library User NILDE interactions User requests a document to his library

Naples, IV Nilde Conference 44 Requesting Library User Provider Library NILDE interactions Full-text document User’s library looks for document and requests it to a provider library The future: Watermarking in NILDE

Naples, IV Nilde Conference 45 The future: Watermarking in NILDE Requesting Library User Provider Library NILDE interactions Requested document is sent to requesting library via NILDE electronic transaction. NILDE:  Transforms full-text document in images (hard-copy)  Embeds watermark information (ID of user, provider and requesting library, current date)  Sends watermarked document to requesting library and deletes it Watermarked Document with UserID ReqLibraryID ProvLibraryID CurrentDate

Naples, IV Nilde Conference 46 The future: Watermarking in NILDE Requesting Library User Provider Library NILDE interactions Watermarked Document with UserID ReqLibraryID ProvLibraryID CurrentDate Requesting (user’s) library sends the watermarked document to its user

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th NILDE University A University B Open issue: User-authentication

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Open issue: User-authentication Shibboleth: International standard Many information providers already enabled: CSA, Elsevier, Libris, Jstor,Ebsco, D-Space,… Open Source software Framework for Authentication, Authorization and Single-Sign-On NILDE rel 3.1 is a Shibboleth enabled Service Provider 2nd GARR Workshop on Authentication & Authorization Infrastructure “Federated Authentication and Digital Libraries”, Rome, March 6th 2007

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Open issue: is DD dangerous for publisher’s investments? A first analysis …. DD activity performed by 551 libraries in 2006 Only ACNP requests have been analyzed

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Number of requested titles in 2006: Average number of requests per each title: 7,9 Open issue: is DD dangerous for publisher’s investments?

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Open issue: is DD dangerous for publisher’s investments? (cont.) There are titles (10%) that have been requested >= 20 times These titles accounts for requested documents (54% of the total number of requests) However, only 2.2 is the average number of requests made by a same library. …… DD data gathered from NILDE show that the use of DD as a surrogate for subscriptions is negligible

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Conclusions: On-going developments Nilde 4.0 will be released end of 2007 Nilde 4.0 features: Multilingual support. A software like user-interface. Improved user control over its own data and operations. Personal bibliographical reference manager for end-users. Federated end-user authentication via Shibboleth. SEDD, hard-copy + watermark. Compliance with W3C guidelines for an accessible web. Use of cutting edge web technologies: MySql 5, PHP 5, XHTML 1.0, CSS2, Ajax. Presentation at IFLA DD&ILL conference Oct.2007

7th SELL MeetingMadrid, March 17th Nilde team and contacts Silvana Mangiaracina Project coordinator and Project manager Patrizia Salamone Libraries Help-desk Marta Zaetta Technical Help-desk and training Cosimo Alfarano (SEDD), Enrico Beghelli (ref.manager), Daniele De Matteis (graphic design), Giacomo Tenaglia (Shibboleth), Alessandro Tugnoli (sw&db design), Marta Zaetta (sw&db design) Software development Info to subscribe: