Mozi 张艺菡 张婷婷

Mozi Mo Di (470BC---391BC) The Hundred Schools of Thoughts (early Warring States Period) The State of Lu (Tengzhou, Shandong Province) The School of Mohism Mozi

Mozi ’ s Views on Politics Society: a changing world---reform “ 不与先王同 ” “ 尧善治，自今在诸古也。自古在之今，则尧不能治 也。 ” Identifying with the Superior: the uniformity of thought---to achieve social order---Heaven “ 上之所是必皆是之，上之所非必皆非之。 ”

Mozi ’ s Views on Politics Honoring of the Worthy: the selection of qualified individuals “ 官无常贵，而民无终贱 ” ； “ 有能则举之，无能则下之 ” ； “ 不党父兄，不偏富贵，不嬖颜色 ” 。 The origin of a state: the selection of the Son of Heaven---the will of Heaven “ 夫明乎天下之所以乱者，生于无政长。是故选天下之 贤可者，立以为天子。 ” “ 昔者三代圣王尧舜禹汤文武 …… 天鬼赏之，立为天子， 以为民父母。 ”

Mozi ’ s Views on Politics The government of a state: the ruler ’ s behavior and qualities; “ 政者，口言之，身必行之。今子口言之而身不行，是子 之身乱也。子不能治子之身，恶能治国政？ ” the observance of certain principles and rules; “ 天子唯能壹同天下之义，是以天下治也。 ” “ 用义为政于国家 …… 刑政必治。 ” “ 以尚贤使能为政而治。 ” to be strict and fair in meting out rewards and punishments “ 善人赏而暴人罚，则国必治。 ”

Mozi ’ s Views on Ethics Universal love: love for all human beings---universality VS partiality “ 曰：顺天之义何若？曰：兼爱天下之人。 ” “ 爱人者必见爱也，而恶人者必见恶也。 ” based on utility “ 古者明王圣人所以王天下、正诸侯者，彼其爱民谨忠， 利民谨厚。 ” “ 亏父而自利, 子自爱不爱父 ” ； “ 亏兄而自利，弟自爱不 爱兄 ” ； “ 亏君而自利，臣自爱不爱君 ” 。

Mozi ’ s Views on Ethics Utility ： condemnation of ritual and music, extravagant entertainment, and offensive warfare “ 将以为法乎天下，利人乎即为，不利人乎即止。 ” “ 非攻 ” 、 “ 节用 ” 、 “ 节葬 ” 、 “ 非乐 ” 。

Differences in Political Thoughts of Ru and Mo Core Cause Influence & Result

Core of Political Thoughts Confucius Humaneness ( 仁 ) Ritual decorum ( 礼 ) Mozi Universal love ( 兼爱 )

Main Cause: Difference in Social Classes Confucius: upper class, ruling aristocrats Mozi: lower class, including artisans, merchants, and small-property owners.

Difference in Political Thoughts Ritual Decorum Social Classes

Ritual Decorum Confucius Emphasis on the obedience and maintaining of the rules and ritual decorum established by ancestors. Eg. funeral should be very grand so that the dead can be commemorated. Mozi Condemned ritual It is the deep grief in mourning that counts most, and funerals were just a kind of form.

Social Classes Confucius There must be a clear order between the old and the young, the upper class and the lower class. Confucius ’ humanness was also limited within the same class. Mozi Everyone in the world is equal, as proved by the view of universal love and uniformity. Mozi thought that people across all social classes should love and respect each other without disparity.

Influence & Result Confucianism Appreciated by the feudalism and followed by generations of apprentices. Mo Ended up in short period of prosperity

Realistic Values of the Two Schools Confucianism Humaneness Filial devotion Trustfulness Mozi Utility Universal love Multilateral Benefiting None offensive warfare Honor the worthy