Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.1

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3 Definitions Infection control Infectious disease Pathogens

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.4 Signs and Symptoms of Infections Generalized or systemic –Affecting the whole body Localized –Affecting one area of the body

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.5 Microbiology Microscope Microbiology Germ theory Communicable disease or contagious disease Contaminated

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.6 Microbiology Normal flora Immune response Antibiotic Opportunistic infection Aerobic Anaerobic

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.7 Microbiology Hosts Symbiosis Neutralism Parasitic Parasite Microbes

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.8 Microbes Bacteria Viruses Fungi Rickettsia Protozoa

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.9 Chain of Infection Infectious agent Reservoir host Portal of exit Route of transmission Portal of entry Susceptible host

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.10 Chain of Infection

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.11 Infection Control Defense mechanisms Scope of problem –Nosocomial infection –Handwashing –Industrial illness –Needlestick injuries

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.12 Infection Control Regulatory agencies –CDC –OSHA

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.13 Asepsis –Also known as aseptic technique Medical asepsis or clean technique Surgical asepsis or sterile technique

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.14 Breaking the Chain of Infection Breaking just one link, stops the infection Six elements summarized –Source of infecting microorganism –Means of transmission –Susceptible host

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.15 How to Break Chain Handwashing Decontaminate surfaces and equipment Avoid contact when contagious Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Follow isolation precautions

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.16 Maximize Resistance Provide good hygiene Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake Decrease stressors that weaken the immune response

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.17 Normal Flora Transient flora Resident flora Standard precautions Handwashing –Removes transient flora –Diminishes resident flora

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.18 Standard Precautions Follow at ALL times –Prevents contact with microbes –Blood –Body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat –Nonintact skin –Mucous membranes

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.19 Standard Precautions Handwashing PPE Patient-care equipment Environmental control Linen Needle disposal

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.20 Isolation Consequences to patient Transmission-based precautions –Airborne precautions –Droplet precautions –Contact precautions Neutropenic precautions

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.21 Methods to Inhibit or Destroy Microbes Bacteriostatic Bacteriocidal or germicidal Antiseptics Disinfectants Sterilization

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.22 Surgical Asepsis Also called sterile technique Eliminates presence of pathogens from objects and areas Sterile field

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.23 The Risks Blood-borne pathogens –Hepatitis B –Hepatitis C –Hepatitis D –HIV

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.24 Tuberculosis (TB) Airborne pathogen Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis No prevention Skin test give for detection Still a problem in the United States Drug-resistant strains developing

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.25 Drug-Resistant Organisms Developed from overuse of antibiotics Developed from patients who do not complete antibiotic treatment Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.26 Other Infectious Organisms Bird Flu –Avian Influenza Mad Cow Disease –Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) West Nile Virus

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.27 Reporting Exposure Any exposure to blood or body fluids must be reported immediately Written incident or injury report Exposure Control Plan