Metabolism: Transformations and Interactions Chapter 7 Metabolism: Transformations and Interactions

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Transfer of Energy Utilizing ATP

How Efficient is this Process? Where does the “LOST ENERGY” go? From the food we ingest, we only capture about 50% of the energy in the bonds in the form of ATP. When we utilize the ATP to “fuel” other anabolic processes, we only utilize about 50% of the ATP’s energy. Where does the “LOST ENERGY” go?

Overview of energy metabolism.

Carbs Lipids Protein (amino acids) TCA Cycle Energy Production

Release of Small Amount of Energy Lets Start with Carbs: Glycolysis (anaerobic) Release of Small Amount of Energy

Endoplasmic Reticulum A Simplified Eukaryote Cell Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nuclear Membrane Chromosomes Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum (ribosomes)

Pyruvate-to-Acetyl CoA (aerobic) Cofactor Irreversible Step

The Breakdown of Acetyl CoA Electron Transport Chain To Energy (aerobic) TCA Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Glucose-to-energy pathway SUMMARY: Glucose-to-energy pathway

Fatty Acid Oxidation

Fats-to-energy pathway

Transamination: Making Nonessential Amino Acid

Deamination to give Keto Acids

Amino Acids-to-energy pathway

What happens to the NH3? Urea synthesis

Urea excretion Amino Acids bloodstream Liver bloodstream Kidney

Electron Transport Chain

Why does Fat Produce more Energy than Glucose? Mol. Weight = 256.42 Acetyl CoA produced = 8 ATP’s produced = 129 ATP’s per gram = 0.50 Mol. Weight = 180.16 Acetyl CoA produced = 2 ATP’s produced = 38 ATP’s per gram = 0.21

During Feasting - High Dietary Intake

During Fasting - Low Dietary Intact

If Fasting Continues - Still Low Dietary Intact

Ketosis: Ketone Body formation

Alcohol metabolism

Alternate route for Acetyl CoA Fat NADH blocks entry