Evolution of traits related to population density in a heterogeneous metapopulation: an application of the "cornucopia principle" to changes in human political.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Port-en-Bessin, France
Advertisements

Populations continued I.Metapopulation Theory A.What is a metapopulation? B.Assumptions of the metapopulation theory II.Stochastic Perturbations & MVPs.
Patterns in space Log area Log species number productivity # species Habitat variety # species Latitude # species mainland Log area Log species number.
Evolution in Large Populations I: Natural Selection & Adaptation
Impacts of habitat fragmentation on plant and insect communities: beyond species richness!
Metapopulations Objectives –Determine how e and c parameters influence metapopulation dynamics –Determine how the number of patches in a system affects.
Habitat Fragmentation 1. A reduction in total area 2. Creation of separate isolated patches from a larger continuous distribution 3. Leads to overall reduction.
Landscape Ecology. I.A Landscape Perspective A. Integrating Communities and Ecosystems forest field.
Landscape Ecology Large-scale Spatial Patterns and Ecological Processes.
WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT: NUMBER OF PATCHES OR CONNECTIVITY? INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Metapopulation conservation efforts with limited resources would.
Lecture 2 External Environment Analysis & Globalisation.
Scale & Scaling What is scale? What is scale? Why is scale important in landscape ecology? Why is scale important in landscape ecology? What are the correct.
Meta From Greek –among, with, after Current: –occurring later than or in succession to –change : transformation –used with the name of a discipline to.
Announcements Added a README file re: VORTEX HW3 due Wednesday First draft due April 16 (Changed from April 13)!
Week 4: Populations, Species and Evolution The Modern Synthesis.
Outline 1.Density dependent population dynamics: logistic equation 2.Cyclic and chaotic populations 3.Life history strategies 4.K vs r selection (MacArthur)
Ecology Lecture 12. Landscape Ecology Ecological system aare made up of mosaics of patches containing different ecologies Landscape ecology studies how.
Biodiversity. Are communities saturated? A closed system must balance the gains in energy from net production with those taken by consumers and decomposers.
Ecosystem processes and heterogeneity Landscape Ecology.
Evolution of Populations
Unit 3 Notes Evolution and Adaptations. Selective Pressure  Selective Pressures are the factors that cause young plants and animals in nature to fail.
BIODIVERSITY + EVOLUTION Chapter 4. BRIDGING THE GAP  Biodiversity is all of the differences amongst the living world.  So how do topics already covered.
The Structure, Function, and Evolution of Biological Systems Instructor: Van Savage Spring 2010 Quarter 4/1/2010.
Species Abundance and Diversity
Demographic matrix models for structured populations
Mechanism of species coexistence Why there are so many species in communities? How are they able to escape the competitive exclusion? (i.e. species already.
1 Species Abundance and Diversity. 2 Introduction Community: Association of interacting species inhabiting some defined area.  Community Structure includes.
Evolution of Populations. Variation and Gene Pools  Genetic variation is studied in populations. A population is a group of individuals of the same species.
CP Biology Ms. Morrison. Genes and Variation  Gene pool = combined genetic information of all members of a particular population  Relative frequency.
Rapid micro-evolution and loss of chromosomal diversity in Drosophila in response to climate warming A study by Francisco Rodriguez-Telles and Miguel A.
Chapter 16 evolution of sex. Adaptive significance of sex Many risks and costs associated with sexual reproduction. Searching for and courting a mate.
Chapter 16 POPULATION GENETICS In order to understand the genetics behind populations we must revisit Darwin.
Potomac Flow-by Stated Management Objectives (1) estimate the amount and quality of biotic habitat available at different flow levels, particularly as.
Cognitive ability affects connectivity in metapopulation: A simulation approach Séverine Vuilleumier The University of Queensland.
Genetics and Speciation
16.2 Evolution as Genetic Change. The effects of Natural Selection cause changes in whole populations, not just in individuals. Therefore the genetics.
Ecology Period 1.. Energy Flow and Cycles of Matter Ultimate source of energy for life = The Sun Sun  Autotrophs  Heterotrophs Process of making own.
Evolution Chapter 16 honors. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall How Common Is Genetic Variation? Many genes have at least two forms, or alleles. All organisms.
Source-Sink Dynamics. Remember, all landscapes are heterogeneous at some scale Consequently, patch quality is heterogeneous All else being equal, individuals.
Chapter 3: Ecological and Evolutionary Principles of Populations and communities.
Hominid Evolution Crystal A. Brandon. Evolutionary Relationship Amongst Hominid Species.
Evolution of Populations
Ecology 生物学  (from Greek: οἶκος, "house"; -λογία, "study of") is the scientific study of the relations that living organisms have with respect to each.
Evolution, Adaptation, Natural Selection and Fitness Dr Pupak Derakhshandeh, PhD Assiss. Prof. of Medical Science of Tehran University.
Chapter Fitty-Two Population Ecology Chuck and Metzler and Baldwin’s Little Sister.
Why should we care about maintaining biodiversity? Reasons that benefit humans: 1.Food 2.Medicines and drugs 3.Ecological balance 4.Aesthetic and cultural.
High dispersal capacity organisms (Vagile species) Home range size in excess of 5km2 Potential for habitat utilization across a broad geographical range.
Species Abundance and Diversity
Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View.
Populations. What is a population? -a group of actively interacting and interbreeding individuals in space and time.
OUTLINE FOR THIS WEEK Lec 11 – 13 METAPOPULATIONS concept --> simple model Spatially realistic metapopulation models Design and Implementation Pluses/minuses.
Ch. 7 Extinction Processes
Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The External Audit The External Audit Chapter Seven 7-1.
End Show Slide 1 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 16-1 Genes and Variation Genes and Variation.
 Occupancy Model Extensions. Number of Patches or Sample Units Unknown, Single Season So far have assumed the number of sampling units in the population.
Matrix modeling of age- and stage- structured populations in R
Impacts of habitat fragmentation on plant and insect communities: beyond species richness!
Chapter 9. A Model of Cultural Evolution and Its Application to Language From “The Computational Nature of Language Learning and Evolution” Summarized.
Evolution The two most important mechanisms of evolution are
Natural Selection and the Origin of Species
Exam 1 key posted Office Hours....
Population A group of individuals of the same species that interact with each other in the same place at the same time Metapopulation A population of populations,
AP Environmental Chapter 6
Chapter 15: How Organisms Evolve.
Climate and Biomes Evolution and Adaptation Population Ecology.
Population Variation.
a IIASA, ESM, Laxenburg, Austria,
Unit 4: Principles of Ecology
Summary – one summary at the end
Presentation transcript:

Evolution of traits related to population density in a heterogeneous metapopulation: an application of the "cornucopia principle" to changes in human political propensities by Charles N.W. Keckler Human Evolutionary Ecology Program University of New Mexico

Vegetation of the Old World (National Geographic, 1997)

Current Population Density -Asia Source: CIESEN

Selection in Metapopulations If a species is present in multiple environments, and the selective force acting on a trait differs across these environments, net selection will depend (all else equal) on the proportion of the population in each habitat. The population proportion will be determined by (a) the frequency with which a habitat is utilized (b) the relative population of utilized habitats

The “Cornucopia Principle” For the same frequency distribution or "landscape" of environments, the selective forces of those environments that support larger populations will have a disproportionate impact on the traits of future generations. Therefore: With equivalent intensity of selection, "good" environments (with higher than average densities and growth) form the main selective background of a multi-environment species.

Variability in Foragers Source: Binford (1980)

Time-Averaged Distribution of Habitable Zones -- Old World (Source: Atlas of Paleovegetation, Adams and Faure)

Estimates of Population Usage of Different Ecozones EcoZonePopulation Densities /mi 2 Arctic*0.178 Tropical Forest0.554 Tropical Desert0.168 Temperate Forest2.8 Temperate Desert0.058 Boreal Forest0.08 (Derived from Keeley 1988, Kelly 1995)

Estimated Average Population Distribution of Old World Foragers

Distribution of Social Types Derived from foragers in Outline of World Cultures (1981) Average size of Egalitarian Population – 3576 Average size of Inegalitarian Population

Strategies Under Varying Selection in Different Forager Environments (H) allele -- the willingness to exploit (e.g. through contest competition) advantages in competitive ability in order extract further selective gain ("pressing your luck"). Strategic expression conditional on status (h) allele -- at minimum, an unwillingness to act in this manner given the opportunity

Simulation Conditions Environment 1 (Good) Selective Effects Environment 2 (Poor) Selective Effects Dominants(H) + A Dominants(H) -C Dominants(h) -A * D * P(H) P(h) * (1-D) Dominants(h) Normal Subordinate(H) -A * D * P(H) P(h) * (1-D) Subordinate(H) Normal Subordinate(h) -A * D * P(H) P(h) * (1-D) Subordinate(h) Normal D = proportion “dominants,” A= advantage of exploitation, C= cost of punishment, P(H) = freq of allele H (initially set to 1)

Fixation of Alleles in Different Environments

Parameter Sensitivity

Source-Sink Metapopulation Dynamics Marginal Populations Exposed to Extinction and Replacement

Differential Colonization of Favorable Habitats

Effect of Genetic Influx

Preliminary Conclusions Under realistic assumptions, there have been substantial numbers of inegalitarian foragers. These populations can provide a powerful counterweight against negative selection for “hierarchical” behavior in “standard” foragers. Persistence of “special design” for egalitarianism, or of genetic change in political propensity, is doubtful. More plausibly, egalitarianism is a consequence of a flexible general trait capable of tracking socioecology, assisted by social learning (culture).

Source: Atlas of Paleovegetation (Adams & Faure)