Energy Systems in Norway Kjersti Øyen Skjalg Holther VL Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft SS 2005 TU Berlin

Outline Norway in general Energy usage and production trends in Norway Hydropower International trade Case study: Power Crisis of 2002

Norway Greatest City of Sweden Northwestern Corner of Europe Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentarism Pop: 4.6 mill GDP p. capita (1992): € Geography: Characterized by one large mountain chain from north to south, highland plateau far north, open planes south- east. Snow 4 months/year in the South, 6 months/year in the north and the mountains Area: km 2 ~ Italy Coastline: km Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Norway Oil exporting country Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

The Energy balance [PJ] SumCoalCokeWood, waste Crude oil PetrolNatural gas Hydro energy ElectricityDistrict heating Production110386,581,658,55 868,6575,23 339,8462,8 Import263,621,525,41,415,9144,754,8 Export9236,677,00, ,0785,92 975,213,7 Bunker22,2 Stock14,9-0,70,56,48,8 Net dom.1406,425,425,259,8506,9-79,4364,6462,841,4 Convertion1095,80,81,68,2532,688,70,3462,80,9 Production21046,86,1598,3397,510,4 Consum.226,94,8212,49,7 Raw mat.69,942,427,5 Loss37,0 3,031,62,4 Statistic err.208,22,02,4-25,794,9132,40,0 Net d. End815,322,625,151,6288,123,4396,48,0 Industry301,122,625,022,731,022,0176,51,2 Energy ind.188,816,619,50,29,419,7122,90,4 Wood48,80,0 17,47,20,423,60,2 Mining63,56,05,55,014,41.930,00,7 Transport209,3206,80,42,1 Transport305,00,128,950,41,0217,86,8 Source: Statistics Norway Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Energy use per capita in OECD Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Electricity production Total installed power: 28 GW Average hydropower capacity: 119TWh/year. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Energy use per carrier and sector Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Use of electricity in private households Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Heating technologies in private households Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Hydropower consumption world wide: Source: Hveding, 1992 Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Hydropower production 99% of electricity production water systems 7 out of 10 waterfalls utilized Topography decides how, and in which way one can take advantage of the water: –Short waterfalls and long waterfalls  different energy potential and technology Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Regulating reservoir Energy potential stored in lakes, or artificial reservoirs (pools) dimmed up. Season regulation Short-term regulation, days, weeks Reservoir capacity Economic profit Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Inflow vs. production Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Hydropower potential Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Environmental impacts of hydropower. Pure electricity production BUT; building water systems involves change or destruction of nature. –Area Roads Removing mass, and so on. Immense alteration of mountain scenery –Fish population and vegetation Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Power network Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

International Cooperation EFTA and EEA The Baltic see cooperation (BASREC) Scandinavian cooperation. The European energy charter IEA EUs water directive Other EU energy programs. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Nord Pool The Scandinavian Electricity exchange. –Sets the spot price of electricity every hour in the physical marked. Three main trade groups: –Physical market –Financial market –Clearing Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Case study: Winter 2002/03 The winter of 2002/03 electricity prices in Norway reached an all time high. Later this incidence has been called the “Power Crisis” Energy production vary every year,  to balance supply and demand production changes must balance import, export and usage Northern Europe’s energy system depends on the Inflow. Problems started right before the drain off season. –Autumn 2002 low Inflow to reservoirs. –Very cold and long winter. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Spot-prices Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Inflow from 1931 to 2002 Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Inflow 2002/03 in Scandinavia Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Changes in the Northern marked Adjustment in the Northern marked, due to the failed rainfall. –the water energy reservoirs has been a important buffer between production and use –free thermal production capacity from other northern countries was gradually taken in use –import of energy from countries outside Northern became greater –The use of electricity was dimmed, particular by transition to other energy carrier. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Compensation *Mostly Russia Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Price changes. The Prices varied a lot during the whole of 2002, low in the spring, high in the fall During the winter 2002/2 the spot price varied from øre/kWh (=6,25-10 cent/kWh) It remained higher than normal during the whole spring season. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

Change in electricity use. Fall 2002; 2% Higher energy use in Scandinavia First half of 2003; 0,5 Lower energy use in Scandinavia. –Norway decreased their Energy usage, with 4TWh Crises like this happens every years. (Source: Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy) Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

References Norwegian ministry of Petroleum and Energy 2004: Energi og vassdragsvirksomheten i Norge OED, Oslo. Statistics Norway: Energy statistics V. Hveding, 1992: Vannkraft i Norge, NTH Institutt for vassbygging, Trondheim.