KSCO Community - 1 The KSCO Community and its Coalition Experiments

KSCO Community - 2 KSCO Events u KSCO-1999 – International Workshop on Knowledge-Based Planning for Coalition Operations, May 1999, Edinburgh, Scotland. u Working parties proposed series of Coalition Experiments Binni scenario adopted for community experimentation. u Working Group on KSCO formed and first meeting held to plan community activities. u Coalition Experiments and multi-national joint experimentation encouraged. u KSCO-2002 – Second Conference on Knowledge Systems for Coalition Operations, June 2002, Toulouse, France. u IEEE Intelligent Systems, Special Issue on Knowledge Systems for Coalition Operations, Volume 17 Number 2, May/June u KSCO-2004 – Volume of Papers on Knowledge Systems for Coalition Operations, October Planned conference in Pensacola, Florida, USA cancelled during active hurricane season (Ivan in September 2004). u KSCO-2006 – Third Conference on Knowledge Systems for Coalition Operations, part of IEEE Workshop on Distributed Intelligent Systems (DIS-2006), June 2006, Prague, Czech Republic. u Web site and relevant occasional communications on behalf of community.

KSCO Community - 3 KSCO Working Group u u Jean Berger (DRDC, Canada) u u Jeff Bradshaw (IHMC, USA) u u David Brown (MITRE, USA) u u Richard Davis (DSTO, Australia) u u Roberto Desimone (QinetiQ, UK) u u Jerry Dussault (AFRL, USA; TTCP Representative) u u Dan Fayette (AFRL, USA) u u Scott Fouse (IS, USA) u u Nort Fowler (AFRL, USA; now retired) u u Vladimir Gordoteski (St. Petersburg Inst. for Info. and Automation, Russia) u u Jim Hendler (University of Maryland, USA) u u Jan Jelínek (Honeywell, USA) u u James Lawton (AFRL, USA) u u Paul Losiewicz (EOARD/London, USA) u u Vijay Kowtha (ONR Global/London, USA) u u Dale Lambert (DSTO, Australia) u u Barry McKinney (EOARD/London, USA) u u Rick Metzger (AFRL, USA) u u Jitu Patel (DSTL, UK; TTCP Representative) u u Michal Pěchouček (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic) u u Tony Rathmell (DSTL, UK) u u Martin Rehák (Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic) u u Niranjan Suri (IHMC, USA) u u Austin Tate (AIAI, University of Edinburgh, UK)

KSCO Community - 4 KSCO Topics u u Innovative theory and techniques for coalition formation and support to similar “virtual organisations” u u Applications and requirements for knowledge-based coalition planning and operations management u u Knowledge-based approaches to command and control u u Knowledge-based approaches to coalition logistics u u Knowledge-based approaches to Operations-Other-Than-War - such as peace keeping missions and other humanitarian operations u u Multi-agent systems and the concept of agency in coalitions u u Tools and techniques for knowledge-based simulation and modelling of coalition operations u u Security and maintenance of private information or knowledge in coalition operations u u Autonomous vs. centrally managed coalition operations

KSCO Community - 5 KSCO Issues u u Different doctrine, decision making, rules of engagement and, in general, mission "agendas" u u Different technology skill and equipment levels u u Questionable compatibility of respective national information systems u u Limited models for coalition force operations u u Command authorities - agreement and transfers u u Information systems resource sharing agreements & capacity u u Different interpretation of situational information u u Lack of compatible security architectures From LeRoy Pearce, Canadian MOD

KSCO Community - 6 TTCP The Technical Cooperation Program u u Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK, USA u u C3I Group - Command, Control, Communication and Information Systems u u Created Binni Scenario u u Encouraged KSCO and Coalition Experiments u u

KSCO Community - 7 Binni - Gateway to the Golden Bowl of Africa Rathmell, R.A. (1999) A Coalition Force Scenario 'Binni - Gateway to the Golden Bowl of Africa', in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Knowledge-Based Planning for Coalition Forces, (ed. Tate, A.) pp , Edinburgh, Scotland, 10th-11th May 1999.

Geography / Borders

W E N S Geography Binni - All Features BANDARPopulation centres × Military airfieldsGravel roads Brongo Ports Q Civilian AirfieldsTracks KEY Tarmac roads 175 Heights (metres)Railways LAYERS: Return Cape Vincent Cape Amstado Caca Kaso Lagoon Amisa Jacal Pra Ankobra Tana Ofin Afram Daka Black Caca Kapowa White Caca Mawli LAKE CACA Water Brongo Ports Q Civilian AirfieldsTracks Q Q Q Q Q Q × × × × × Transport WESTERN REGION AGADEZ Zingato SIKASSO COSTA DEL MARIA LAKI BANDAR UGWULU UPPER REGION NORTHERN REGION CACA REGION EASTERN REGION CACA REGION ASHANTI REGION CENTRAL REGION BANDAR REGION AGADEZ GAO Kwanabouri Gambaga 268 Masembi Gambaga Escarpment Higgville Libar Zatu To Cunmege To Tifillo Dinga Anala Akwapim-Gao Range Kwahu Plateau To Pample To Segumbo Kamongo Jinja Brongo Laval Biloo Sagiba Bave Gamba Kolla Antok Grandville Hakkali To Cecil Dado Minga Kaso Nanga Caca Dam Esuko Blackman Laponga Zaribe Bonrope Tonka 775 Atewa Ranga Saltpond Achobo Adaido Diplombo Elmina Wonka Deanville Sonara Sandosta Komenda Gonobo Grandvache Polia Jamestown Slabo Donga Anguiba Kutchi Akimbo Sago- town Wazilla Suthertown Bisa Wampimba Belucar Salisbury Bisha St Andrews Sellerham Kingtown To Petit Paris To Escallope Lissa Libretto Slafito Langford To Falo Asoba Nedalla Epidurango Aida To Harra Names Setting Lat / Long Lat / Long 31E 36E 35E 34E 33E 32E 39E 38E 37E 36E 35E 34E 33E 32E 31E 39E 38E 37E 17N 16N 15N 20N 19N 18N 17N 16N 15N 19N 18N 21N

Cape Vincent Cape Amstado Caca Kaso Lagoon Amisa Jacal Pra Ankobra Tana Ofin Afram Daka Black Caca Kapowa White Caca Mawli LAKE CACA W E N S Red Sea            EASTERN REGION Zingato SIKASSO COSTA DEL MARIA LAKI BANDAR UGWULU UPPER REGION WESTERN REGION CACA REGION NORTHERN REGION CACA REGION ASHANTI REGION CENTRAL REGION BANDAR REGION AGADEZ GAO Kwanabouri Gambaga 268 Masembi Gambaga Escarpment Higgville Libar Zatu To Cunmege To Tifillo Dinga Anala Akwapim-Gao Range Kwahu Plateau To Pample To Segumbo Kamongo Jinja Brongo Laval Biloo Sagiba Bave Gamba Kolla Antok Grandville Hakkali To Cecil Dado Minga Kaso Nanga Caca Dam Esuko Blackman Laponga Zaribe Bonrope Tonka 775 Atewa Ranga Saltpond Achobo Adaido Diplombo Elmina Wonka Deanville Sonara Sandosta Komenda Gonobo Grandvache Polia Jamestown Slabo Donga Anguiba Kutchi Akimbo Sago- town Wazilla Suthertown Bisa Wampimba Belucar Salisbury Bisha St Andrews Sellerham Kingtown To Petit Paris To Escallope Lissa Libretto Slafito Langford To Falo Asoba Nedalla Epidurango Aida To Harra Laki Safari Park Caca Gorge Gao forces Agadez Forces BINNI AGADEZ

KSCO Community

Binni Vexillology Arabello BinniGao Agadez Represents the hopes of the Binni Founding Fathers that the Sun will rise and set in a cloudless sky over a lush and prosperous landscape. Reflects the anguish of the history of Gao with nature alternating between poverty and plenty divided by the crimson stained path of tribal conflict. Represents the union of Mountain (blue), Upland (green) and Lowland (brown) peoples of Agadez each maintaining their independence yet united against all opponents. Represents the five fiefdoms of Arabello unified under a sultan of wealth and power.

KSCO Community - 13 Binni Scenario Materials binni.org or via KSCO web site

KSCO Community - 14 Coalition Experiments u u Coalition Logistics 1, 2000 – San Diego, CA, US u u Coalition Logistics 2, 2000 – Malvern, UK u u CoAX Binni 2000 – Malvern, UK u u CoAX Binni 2001 – Malvern, UK u u CoAX Binni 2002 – Newport, RI, USA

Coalition Logistics Challenges Short/Medium-termIn-service 2-5 years n Define coalition logistics processes for various missions n Develop shared representation (culture,doctrine, language) è Classes of logistics/deployment assets è Coalition logistics picture for monitoring execution n Establish coalition access (with accredited security model) è Plethora of logistics systems & databases è Logistics validation models & models n Demonstrate e-commerce approach to bidding & brokering for logistics capabilities n Capitalise on planning & scheduling technology 2nd Coalition Logistics Workshop - 19th September 2000

Coalition Logistics Challenges Long-termIn-service 5-10years n Demonstrate adaptable rapidly re-configurable coalition logistics processes n Develop shared representation (culture,doctrine, language) è Essential tasks, plans, capabilities & options è Agent capabilities & authority chain/process n Support complex planning queries è Validated by simulation models at multiple hierarchical levels n Establish more flexible security domain model 2nd Coalition Logistics Workshop - 19th September 2000

Coalition Logistics Exercise/Workshop n 5 day duration (3 day exercise + 2 day workshop) n Objectives è Develop coalition plan for prepared scenario è Jump-start & refine collaborative programme n Participants: Logs experts (J4/tech) + 2/4 program managers è Exercise lead (J4) - techies on tap & observing è Workshop lead (Techies) - J4 on tap & validating n Inputs è Exercise lead (J4) - techies on tap & observing è Workshop lead (Techies) - J4 on tap & validating n Outputs è Logistics plan / lessons learned / knowledge acquisition è Specific collaboration programme / defined R&D tasks & expts n Locations/Dates è San Diego, USA in May 2000 è Malvern, UK in September nd Coalition Logistics Workshop - 19th September 2000

KSCO Community - 18 Coalition Agents eXperiment

KSCO Community - 19 Context u Increasing military requirements for coalition operations u Belief that agent computational model can support: u Coalition interoperability requirements u Dynamic and Decentralized C3I u International Agent Research Programmes u US DARPA Control of Agent Based Systems (CoABS) u UK DSTL/QinetiQ Agents Project u Australian and Canadian Agents and Coalition Work u TTCP C3I Groups for international involvement u Need for “middleware” such as is provided by DARPA CoABS Grid Infrastructure

KSCO Community - 20 Aim of Coalition TIE u To address unique aspects of coalition operations through the development and evaluation of: u agent domain management services u agent task, process and event management services u Specific agent services u Aim will be met through delivery of: u Phased technical demonstrations of increasing complexity u Integration of diverse agent systems u Development of generic Coalition-oriented grid services u Requirements: u Use of a wide variety of different agent systems u Use of existing military (non-agent) applications

KSCO Community - 21 Key Technical Drivers u Cannot assume interoperability, reliability or availability of different nations systems u Need for partial (secure) sharing and visualization of processes, data and facilities u Need to work with agents in multiple dynamically determined domains u Need for flexible inter-agent task and process management u Need for rapid formation, management and change of agent relationships

KSCO Community - 22 Demonstration Schedule u u 1-month demo at kick-off in February 2000 showing direct connection over “CoABS Grid” between two military systems: DERA MBP and LM ATL AODB u u 6-month integration milestone in July 2000 showing initial integration of selected CoAX components for year 2000 demo u u CoAX Binni 2000 demo in Fall 2000: u u Briefing the CoAX TIE and Binni scenario u u Showing full integration of selected CoAX components in Binni u u Telling a relevant “story” about agents for information gathering u u CoAX Binni 2001 demo in Fall 2001: u u Fully integrating all CoAX components in a rich coalition scenario u u Expanding scope to cover dynamic re-planning u u CoAX Binni 2002 demo in Fall 2002: u u Showing dynamic aspects of coalition organization, domain management, tasking and event handling u u Expanding scope to cover dynamic planning, coordination and execution.

KSCO Community - 23 CoAX Month 1 (February 2000) Initial Demo u u Demonstration involves AFRL Rome, DERA Malvern and LM ATL and is a first (risk reduction) step toward CoAX u u Demo shows legacy applications can be usefully integrated into an agent framework (over CoABS Grid) CoABS Grid EMAA / CAST Agents (LM ATL, US) AODB Master Battle Planner v2.1 (DERA, UK)

CoABS Grid

KSCO Community - 25 CoAX 6-Month (July 2000) Milestone u u Eleven agents in three separate agent domains representing coalition functional units (JTF HQ, JFAC HQ, Gao Intel) u u Binni scenario information used to drive storyboard u u Tasking and control across coalition functional units u u Visualization of coalition C2 process via a simple process model u u Simple policy administration tool for selective information sharing and communication blocking

KSCO Community - 26 CoAX Binni 2000 – Coalition TIE Technology Integration Experiment TTCP Meeting - Malvern - September 2000 AFRL Rome, AIAI, Boeing, Dartmouth, DERA Malvern, Lockheed Martin ATL, Michigan, MIT Sloan, Stanford, USC/ISI, UWF/IHMC Support from BBN, GITI, ISX, MITRE, Schafer DARPA

KSCO Community - 27 CoAX 9-Month (October 2000) Binni 2000 Demo u u Focus on information-gathering phase u u First interoperation of agent-wrapped legacy US and UK systems u u New agents and domains u u Three additional agent domains (6 domains and ~25 agents) u u Incorporation of domain-aware CAMPS airlift planning system u u Ariadne agent providing publicly available weather information u u More powerful I-X Process Panels u u New domain management functionality u u Malicious observer agent thwarted by domain management and NOMADS resource control mechanisms u u KAoS Policy Administration Tool (KPAT) administering communication, registration, and resource policies u u New stand-alone demonstrations: u u MIT exception handling u u Stanford incentive management u u U. Michigan plan deconfliction u u Dartmouth ‘observer agents’

KSCO Community - 28 CoAX 2000 Components DARPA CoABS Grid (GITI, ISX) Agent Frameworks KAoS Agents (Boeing, IHMC) D’Agents (Dartmouth) EMAA/CAST Agents (LM ATL) Agent Grid Services Task and Process Management (AIAI) Domain Management Services (Boeing, IHMC) Plan Deconfliction (Michigan) Exception Handling (MIT) Incentive Management (Stanford) Military Systems CAMPS (AFRL,GITI, BBN) MBP (DERA) … Agents on the Grid AODB Agent (LM ATL) Observer Agents (Dartmouth) Malicious Agents (IHMC, Boeing) Web Weather Agent (USC/ISI) …

KSCO Community - 29 CoAX – Coalition Agents eXperiment AIAI, BBN, CMU, Dartmouth, DSTO, GITI, Lockheed Martin ATL, NRL, Potomac Inst., U.Maryland, U.Michigan, QinetiQ, USC/ISI, UTexas, UWF/IHMC Support from AFRL, ARL, Boeing, DREV, DSTL, ISX, MITRE, MIT Sloan, NWDC, OBJS, Schafer, Stanford, TTCP DARPA CoAX Binni 2001

KSCO Community - 30 CoAX 18-Month (July 2001) Binni 2001 Demo u u More realism in coalition structures u u All CoAX members integrated (9 domains and ~35 agents) u u Coalition agents playing multiple roles in different domains u u New policies add additional robustness and security u u Added functionality in process and task management u u Increased scope of Binni scenario demonstration u u Richer information gathering phase u u Planning and execution phases of Binni added in u u Incorporating coalition functionality becomes easier u u Packaging capabilities as pluggable grid services

KSCO Community - 31 CoAX Binni 2001 Demo Emphasis Recovery Conflict resolution Re-deployment Peace support Linear Initial Planning Political aims Military guidance Campaign planning Commander's intent Deployment Linear Focus of the CoAX Binni 2000 Demo Execution Variable Organizations An opponent Campaign re-planning Short-notice taskings Operation execution Execution monitoring Reporting / feedback Outcome assessment Dynamic / iterative uncertain Focus of the CoAX Binni 2001 Demo

W E N S Cape Vincent Cape Amstado Caca Kaso Lagoon Amisa Jacal Pra Ankobra Tana Ofin Afram Daka Black Caca Kapowa White Caca Mawli LAKE CACA AGADEZ GAO Binni Laki Safari Park Gao forces Agadez Forces FIRESTORM False Agadez forces False Gao forces

KSCO Community - 33 CoAX 2001 Components DARPA CoABS Grid (GITI, ISX) Agent Frameworks KAoS Agents (IHMC, Boeing) NOMADS Mobile Agents (IHMC) EMAA/CAST Agents (LM-ATL) GMAS (Dartmouth, IHMC, LM-ATL) D’Agents (Dartmouth) eGents (OBJS) Agent Grid Services Task, Process and Event Management (AIAI) Domain Management Services (IHMC, Boeing) Asynchronous Wireless Connectivity (OBJS) Plan Deconfliction (Michigan) Military Systems CAMPS (AFRL,GITI, BBN) MBP (QinetiQ) Situation Viewer (QinetiQ) … Agents on the Grid AODB Agent (LM-ATL) Observer Agents (Dartmouth) eGents Agents (OBJS) Malicious Agents (IHMC) Web Weather Agent (USC/ISI) …

Process Panel Common / Shared Intel Db1 MCA Coalition / JTFHQ Observers D'agent e-gent D'AO D'GO Db2 JFAC HQ AODB AL Plan MBP Plans Db3 CAOC / Combat Ops MBP Ops Event Panel CODB Db4 US National HQ AODB EMAA ALDB CAMPS Dbii Intel US UK National HQ Intel UK Dbi Other National HQ Other Gao Intel Gao Obs Dbiii NOMADS Guarded “Observers” CoAX Binni 2001 Demo - Agent Domains CYBERSPACE Weather Ariadne e-gentsMBNLI UN Panel UNSGO

CoAX – Coalition Agents eXperiment AIAI, BBN, CMU, Dartmouth, DSTO, GITI, Lockheed Martin ATL, NRL, Potomac Inst., U.Maryland, U.Michigan, QinetiQ, UT-Austin, UWF/IHMC Support from AFRL, ARL, Boeing, DRDC, DSTL, ISX, MITRE, MIT Sloan, NWDC, OBJS, Schafer, Stanford, TTCP, USC/ISI, USPACOM DARPA

KSCO Community - 36 CoAX Binni 2002 (Fall 2002) Demo u u Dynamic “come as you are” coalition formation u u Dynamic creation of ‘virtual coalition organization’ u u Agents and domains added to coalition structure ‘on-the-fly’ u u Dynamic coalition tasks and processes u u Tailored visualizations / interface agents u u Tools to improve human / software agent interaction u u High-level tools usable without specialized training u u Packaged generic Grid services: u u Domain management and DAML-based policy analysis u u Task, process, and event management u u Involvement of more countries and organizations u u USA – BBN – Mixed initiative agents & dynamic information flow u u Australia – DSTO – Logistics planning and information analysis u u Canada – DREV – Domain models

KSCO Community - 38 Course of Events u Part 1: Agadez submarine attack - agents alert appropriate HQs. u Part 2: Casualty data collected by agents and used to effect timely medevac. u Part 3: A new country, Arabello, joins the Coalition 'on-the-fly' - integrated by agent technologies. u Part 4: Arabello's ASW sensor grid data fused with Coalition - translator agents generated on-demand. u Part 5: Agent-mediated tasking - countermeasures deployed based on predicted locations.

Coalition Force Commander (CFC in CF HQ) Coalition Force Air Component Commander (CFACC in CFAC HQ) Coalition Force Land Component Commander (CFLCC in CFLC HQ) Coalition Force Maritime Component Commander (CFMCC in CFMC HQ) Coalition Maritime Units Coalition Land Units Coalition Air Units UN UNSG UNSGSR Grand Strategic Military Strategic Operational Tactical Home base Theatre Governments National Grand Strategic Joint HQs NGOs Nat’l Reps Nat’l Reps Nat’l Reps Other components: Logistics, marines, SF etc OGDs

DARPA Object Services and Consulting, Inc.

KSCO Community - 41 CoAX Technology Contributions AIAI's I-X Task, Process and Event Panel Technology BBN Technologies MPS - Mixed-Initiative Planning and Interaction Agents, Dynamic Agent Information Coordination Protocols, Airlift Mission Planning System Agent. CMU's Retsina Grid Agent Communications Visualisation and DAML-S Matchmaker. See here for more details. DSTO's Future Operations Centre Analysis Laboratory (FOCAL) and Logistics Planning using the ATTITUDE multi-agent architecture. Dartmouth College's Field-observation System and Mobile Agents for Medical Monitoring GITI/ISX CoABS Program Grid Infrastructure Lockheed Martin ATL's EMAA mobile agent technology, CAST information management agents, and I2AT agent development toolkit Michigan's Multilevel Coordination Agent MIT's Robustness Service NRL's Intelligent Agents for GCCS-M OBJS's eGents Agents and AgentGram QinetiQ's Decision Desktop and Master Battle Planner Stanford's Market Mechanisms Technology UMD's IMPACT agents for reasoning with probabilistic temporal information UTexas at Austin's Sensible Agent technology - Trust Evaluation and Organization Adaptation USC/ISI's Ariadne Project UWF/IHMC and Boeing's KAoS Technology UWF/IHMC NOMADS Technology

Coalition Search and Rescue - Task Support Intelligent Task Achieving Agents on the Semantic Web Austin Tate & Jeff Dalton AIAI, Informatics, University of Edinburgh Jeff Bradshaw & Andrzej Uszok IHMC, Pensacola, FL Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida

KSCO Community - 44 Binni SAR Scenario

KSCO Community - 45 Project Summery u To provide capabilities linking: u models of organizational structures, policies, and doctrines u with intelligent task support software u The project integrates: u AIAI’s I-X planning and collaboration technology u IHMC’s KAoS policy and domain services u Semantic Web Services of various kinds u Search and rescue operations - rapid dynamic composition of available policy-constrained services - good use case for Semantic Web u Other participants in the application include: BBN Technologies, SPAWAR, AFRL, and CMU

KSCO Community - 46 CoSAR-TS Scenario u Based on the scenario from the CoAX (Coalition Agents eXperiment ) project. u Follows on from events of Binni 2002 u The story begins with an event that reports a downed airman in the Red Sea u Rescue resources (transportation, medical, notification) represented as dynamic Semantic Web Services u Description based on ontology developed for the DARPA SONAT experiment u The selection of a SAR resource is made using the CMU Semantic Matchmaker (Sycara) to find a suitable service u Intelligent Notification done through CMU agents (Sadeh) u These lookups comply with KAoS policies

KSCO Community - 47 CoSAR-TS Demo Architecture

KSCO Community - 48 CoABS Grid Manager KAoS Policy Admin. Tool (KPAT) KAoS Domain & Policy Management Tools

KSCO Community - 49 Process Panel Domain Editor Activity Editor Messenger I-Space I-X Task Support Tools

KSCO Community - 50 I-Plan Tool

KSCO Community - 51 CoSAR-TS Results u Initial Coalition SAR scenario defined u SONAT ENP data base extended with Binni data u Direct DAML file processing from I-X to SONAT via HP JENA Toolkit u SOAP Access to SAR Resources from KAoS and I-X via Katia Sycara’s CMU MatchMaker and MM client code u I-X linked to Norman Sadeh’s CMU context-aware Notification Agent for personalised notifications u KAoS policy-governed access to SAR Resources u Initial demonstration framework with CoSAR and US-SAR I-X Panels and 2 Information Access Agents u Integration of BBN OpenMap with I-X Process Panels

KSCO Community - 52 The KSCO Community and its Coalition Experiments

KSCO Community - 53 KSCO Further Information and Involvement u KSCO, Binni, CoAX materials and documentation: u u u u We encourage your participation… u In addressing key coalition and technical drivers u In seeking operational opportunities u In future demonstrations

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