Georgia Performance Standards: Protein Synthesis Georgia Performance Standards: Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information Essential Questions: EQ: How does the cell make protein? EQ: Why do you need DNA and RNA? EQ: What do proteins have to do with the genetic traits?

Essential Review What are the four macromolecules organisms are made of? Which one is used mostly for structure? 3. What is the monomer (-o-) of this macromolecule ( o-o-o-o) ?

Nucleic Acid Review DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double Helix Found in: Nucleus (eukaryote) Cytoplasm (prokaryote) Composed of Nucleotides: Deoxyribose Sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous bases Adenine and Thymine Cytosine and Guanine

Nucleic Acid Review RNA: Ribonucleic Acid Nucleotide: Ribose sugar Single stranded In cytoplasm Types of RNA mRNA (codon) tRNA (anticodon) rRNA Nucleotide: Ribose sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen base Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine

DNA can NOT leave the nucleus. “Big Boss” Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein DNA  RNA Protein DNA can NOT leave the nucleus. “Big Boss” So, how does the info from DNA get to the cytoplasm (ribosome)?

12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics CODON [ ] Anticodon

Bring amino acids to ribosome Concept Map Section 12-3 RNA can be Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA also called which functions to also called which functions to also called which functions to mRNA (Codon) Carry instructions rRNA Combine with proteins tRNA (anticodon) Bring amino acids to ribosome from to to make up DNA Ribosome Ribosomes Go to Section:

Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Transcription Through transcription, the DNA code is transferred to mRNA in the nucleus. DNA is unzipped in the nucleus and RNA polymerase binds to a specific section where an mRNA will be synthesized.

The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a codon. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein The Code Experiments during the 1960s demonstrated that the DNA code was a three-base code. The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a codon.

Each anticodon is complementary to a codon on the mRNA. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Translation In translation, tRNA molecules act as the interpreters of the mRNA codon sequence. At the middle of the folded strand, there is a three-base coding sequence called the anticodon. Each anticodon is complementary to a codon on the mRNA.

Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein

Protein Synthesis Overview: Genes are sequences of DNA that code for the production of proteins in the cell. mRNA (codon) enters the nucleus RNA polymerase copies part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA (transcription) DNA: CCC-TAG-GAT-GTA-CGC mRNA: GGG-AUC-CUA-CAU-GCG Video Clip- 4 min. MyContent

Protein Synthesis Overview: mRNA goes through the nuclear pores to take that copy to the ribosome, which is in the cytoplasm. tRNA (anticodon) reads the mRNA (codon) and transfers amino acids to make proteins (translation) mRNA: GGG-AUC-CUA-CAU-GCG tRNA: CCC-UAG-GAU-GUA-CGC Glyine-Isoleusine-Leucine-Histidine-Alanine Video Clip

Elongation: The ribosome joins amino acids together through peptide bonds. The ribosome moves along the mRNA binding new tRNA and amino acid molecules.

Termination: The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons. UGA UAG UAA

The Genetic Code: Because there are four different bases, there are 64 possible three-base codons (4 × 4 × 4 = 64). Some amino acids can be specified by more than one codon. For example, six different codons specify the amino acid leucine, and six others specify arginine.

 The Genetic Code

Check for Understanding: List the three main types of RNA. What happens during transcription? What happens during translation? 4. Describe the three main differences between RNA and DNA. 5. Using the genetic code, identify the amino acids that have the following messenger RNA strand codes: UGGCAGUGC.

Georgia Performance Standards: Protein Synthesis Georgia Performance Standards: Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information Essential Questions: EQ: How does the cell make protein? EQ: Why do you need DNA and RNA? EQ: What do proteins have to do with the genetic traits?

Warm-up (Choose one): Choice 1: Venn diagram Choice 2: Descriptive Writing An RNA molecule is looking for a job in a protein synthesis factory, and it asks you to write its résumé. This RNA molecule is not yet specialized and could, with some structural changes, function as either mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. The résumé you create should reflect the qualifications needed for each type of RNA. Choice 1: Venn diagram Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. Indicate location, structure, & function

Formative Assessment Review Below, you are given a DNA sequence. Transcribe the correct mRNA (codon) sequence. Use the genetic code to determine the correct tRNA (anticodon) sequence. Translate the correct amino acid sequence from the mRNA codon. Hints: DNA (A-T and G-C)RNA (A-U and G-C) The codon codes for the amino acid sequence DNA = GGG-ATC-CTA-CAT-GCG mRNA (codon) = tRNA (anticodon) = Amino Acids =

RIBOSOME GAME DNA =CTA-CTG-GTG-CTT-CTC-CGA-CGG-CGT-TTA-TTT-CCC-GCG-GTG-CTT mRNA = GAU-GAC-CAC-GAA-GAG-GCU-GCC-GCA-AAU-AAA-GGG-CGC-CAC-GAA tRNA =CUA-CUG-CUC-CUU-CUC-CGA-CGG-CGU-UUA-UUU-CCC-GCG-GUG-CUU AMINO ACIDS= ASP-ASP-HIS-GLU-GLN-GLU-ALA-ALA-ASN-LYS-GLY-ARG-HIS-GLU

Word Wall: Watson & Crick Rosalind Franklin Transformation Deoxyribose sugar Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Uracil Gene Chargoff Single stranded Cytoplasm Nucleus Double helix Termination Griffith Ribose Sugar Protein DNA polymerase RNA polymerase Plasmid Chromosome mRNA tRNA rRNA Promoter Initiation Avery Hershey & Chase Prokaryote Eukaryote Watson & Crick Rosalind Franklin Transformation Base pairing Nucleotide Chromatin Histone Replication Transcription Translation Codon Anticodon Phosphate Elongation