Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College The Molecules of Life Molecules of lifeMolecules of life Origins of lifeOrigins of life Hierarchy of living systemsHierarchy of living systems Role of DifusionRole of Difusion HomeostasisHomeostasis

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Molecules of Life C-chainComponentMain Functions

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Carbohydrates Components are simple sugars Used for energy storage in complex form Broken down to simple sugars to fuel cellular metabolism in mitochondria So, why are simple sugars bad for us? And why do we love them so much? (p. 29 in text)

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Proteins Components are amino acids Very complicated Amino acid chain folds up to give complex form Complex form allows for catalyzing very specific chemical reactino GenBlue

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Fats/Lipids Fundamental to life and origins—separate cell interior from environment as cell membrane Mammals and other vertebrates—long-term energy storage Role in diet=big controversy!

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College DNA/RNA (Nucleic Acids) DNA and RNA store and use information Components are nucleotides or “bases” (A,C,T/U,G) One DNA molecule can be very long and complex—millions of bases long DNA duplicates to pass on information Transcription to mRNA to be translated into protein’s amino acid chain What do proteins do?

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Evolutionary History and Origins of Life [link to John Kyrk]link to John Kyrk

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Miller-Urey Experiments [link]link Interview with Stanley Miller [link]link

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College The Hierarchy of Living Systems Molecules Cells Tissues Organs/Structures Organ Systems Organisms Environment

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Levels of Organization within Human Body

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Levels of Organization Chemical Level (Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Cellular Level (Intro. Or Cell Biology): organelles, genes, mitosis, meiosis Tissue Level (Histology): groups of cells with common function—classes of tissues, epithelia (covering), connective tissues (support, protection) Organ Level (Anatomy): how tissues combine to form structures in body— lungs, bones, blood vessels, etc. Organ System level (Physiology) How organs and structures work together to accomplish specific functions: e.g., circulatory system, nervous system, skeletal system, etc. Organism: Entire body working together (Ecology or physiology in environment)

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College The importance of Diffusion Diffusion versus Osmosis (diffusion across a membrane) Diffusion fast and effective across microscopic distance Virtually all living processes involve diffusion and/or osmosis Cell membranes control diffusion and allow for life chemical reactions to take place Diffusion lets tissues do job and permits organ systems to function Examples: –Oxygen in circulatory system –Food in digestive system –Calcium in muscular function –Nerve impulses Cell membranes and Diffusion

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College What does selectively permeable mean? The membrane allows some things in while keeping other substances out cell membrane

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College How do things move across the plasma membrane? 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated transport 4. Active transport 5. Endocytosis and exocytosis cell membrane

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College What are diffusion and osmosis? 1. Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration 2. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules cell membrane

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College How does tonicity change a cell? Hypertonic solutions have more solute than the inside of the cell and lead to lysis (bursting) Hypotonic solutions have less solute than the inside of the cell and lead to crenation (shriveling) Isotonic solutions have equal amounts of solute inside and outside the cell and thus does not affect the cell cell membrane

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College What are facilitated diffusion and active transport? 3. Facilitated transport is the transport of molecules across the plasma membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration via a protein carrier 4. Active transport is the movement of molecules from a lower to higher concentration using ATP as energy; requires a protein carrier cell membrane

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Body Systems and Diffusion Understand path through body of: Food/Nutrients (glucose) Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Homeostasis “…the ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously…” Within cells Within body