Inorganic Compounds - compounds that do not contain Carbon, dominate natural world, exceptions are CO & CO 2 Organic Compounds- contain carbon, divided into four main groups BIOCHEMISTRY Carbon Based Molecules Sec 2-3

Carbon “The building blocks of life”  The elements C, H, O, N make up 96% of the human body  Carbon forms covalent bonds  the element can form up to four bonds

The Vocabulary of Biochemistry Monomers a small molecule called a subunit that makes up the larger molecule Polymers A large molecule, macromolecule, made up of monomers bonded together

Four Groups of Organic Compounds 1.Carbohydrates 2.L 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen usually in ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds. When bonds are broken, energy is released. C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose

Important Facts to remember about Carbohydrates MM onomer- monosaccharide PP olymer- polysaccharide TT hree most important polysaccharides SS tarch GG lycogen CC ellulose

Starch BB ranched chains of glucose MM ade and stored by plants CC an be broken down by plants and animals

Glycogen  Formed in animals  Stored in the liver  More highly branched

Cellulose Most abundant compound Broken down by enzymes in ruminants Makes up plant cell wall

Lipids Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol

Fats and Oils Contain more energy than carbohydrates There are two different forms Saturated fats- maximum number of bonds, solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats- contains some double bonds, liquid at room temperature,

Cholesterol  Part of cell membrane  Is the basis for many hormones such as testosterone and estrogen

Protein C H O N Contains Nitrogen!!!

Important facts to remember about protein MMonomer is amino acid TThere are 20 amino acids AA mino acids are bonded by peptide bonds to form polypeptides.(polymer) PPPProteins differ in the number, order, sequence, and form of amino acids

Two main roles: structural or functional Proteins fold into 3-dimensional shapes– shape is important to their function Channel in cell membrane Builds tissue, bones, and muscle Fight disease Catalyze reactions

Enzymes and Chemical Reactions Sec 2.4, 2.5

Chemical Reactions– process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 Reactants Products Some reactions proceed in only a single direction, others can proceed in both directions Activation energy

Activation energy – energy to begin a reaction catalyst– a substance that speeds up rate by lowering a reactions activation energy, this increases the rate of the reaction!

biological catalyst Enzymes– a protein that act as biological catalyst increasing the rate of the reaction dramatically within our bodies The enzyme lowers the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the rate of the reaction dramatically within our bodies

Under normal body conditions without enzymes, reactions would take years, instead of the seconds that they take due to enzymatic activity.

More Important facts about Enzymes  Not used up in reaction  Sensitive to pH and temperature  Site specific  Binds at active site  Lock and key mechanism (enzyme is the key)

Look at #4 on your enzyme worksheet, fill in the blanks with this diagram

Enzymes are baby bear in goldilocks, the pH must be near neutral and the temperature must be perfect or the enzymes will not work!

Nucleic Acids - DNA RNA Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,Phosphorus More on this later