Territorial Politics The Sub-State Arena

Some Issues n Centralisation and decentralisation n National unity n Self-determination n Economic restructuring n Paradox: n Globalisation and European integration n Increased decentralisation and fragmentation

Issues for this Seminar n Challenges to the Nation-State n Regionalisation and Regionalism n Stateless Nations n Multi-level Governance - is there a regional level of EU governance? n Case studies (F, D, E, UK) n A Europe of the Regions?

Challenges to the Nation-State n Globalisation n Neo-liberal ideology n Interdependence - transnational organisations n Evolution of international law n Rise of transnational social movements n Communications revolution n European integration n Decentralisation since the 1960s n Regionalism and minority nationalism

Regionalisation and Regionalism n Regional-isation and regional-ism n Why? n Uneven economic development n threats to regional cultures / languages - minority nationalism n decentralisation and federalisation n impacts of globalisation and European integration

Stateless Nations n State and nation n Nations without states n What do they want? n Independence? n Autonomy? n Cultural recognition? n Repression and violence

Regions of Europe

Typology of Regionalisation n Administrative decentralisation n Devolution n Quasi, asymmetric federalism n Federation

Typology of Regionalism Keating’s 6 ideal types: n conservative, reactionary regionalism n bourgeois regionalism n technocratic regionalism n progressive regionalism n populist regionalism n separatist movements

A Regional Level of Governance? n Regionalisation and regionalism not uniform n Regions vary: n institutions, powers, policy-making capacity, financial resources, EU/state/region relations, economic development n Not a homogeneous level of governance n But a variety of new forms of territorial action n Constitutional regions

Case Study - France n Archetypal nation state? n Decentralisation over last 40 years n Sub-state organisation n Centre-regional-local relations n Assessment

Case Study - Germany n Character of the state n Federalism n The Länder n Division of powers n Federal-Länder relations n Assessment

Case Study - Spain n State, nation and nationalities n Centralists, regionalists, federalists and separatists n Franco and repression n Transition and the ‘State of Autonomies’ n The Autonomous Communities n A federal state? n Assessment

Case Study - UK n A multi-national state n Devolution: 1979 & 1997 n Asymmetric devolution n Scotland and Wales - autonomy or separation? n England - a problem? n Assessment

A Europe of the Regions? n Early 1990s regionalists optimistic n ‘Third Level’? n Regions becoming more important than states? n EU - Committee of the Regions n However... n Heterogeneity - diversity - asymmetry n Lack of common cause n Disappointment with CoR and EU n Though … A Europe with the Regions?

Territorial Politics - Summary n Changing patterns of governance in Europe n Multi-level governance? n Regional and sub- state diversity